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Murray Gell-Mann's fortunate encounter with mathematician Richard Earl Block at Caltech, in the fall of 1960, "enlightened" him to introduce a novel classification scheme, in 1961, for hadrons. [ 46 ] [ 47 ] A similar scheme had been independently proposed by Yuval Ne'eman , and has come to be explained by the quark model. [ 48 ]
The Gell-Mann–Nishijima formula, developed by Murray Gell-Mann and Kazuhiko Nishijima, led to the Eightfold Way classification, invented by Gell-Mann, with important independent contributions from Yuval Ne'eman, in 1961. The hadrons were organized into SU(3) representation multiplets, octets and decuplets, of roughly the same mass, due to the ...
Murray Gell-Mann always referred to Feynman diagrams as Stueckelberg diagrams, after Swiss physicist Ernst Stueckelberg, who devised a similar notation many years earlier. Stueckelberg was motivated by the need for a manifestly covariant formalism for quantum field theory, but did not provide as automated a way to handle symmetry factors and ...
The quark model was independently proposed by physicists Murray Gell-Mann and George Zweig in 1964. [5] Quarks were introduced as parts of an ordering scheme for hadrons, and there was little evidence for their physical existence until deep inelastic scattering experiments at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center in 1968.
Both the American physicist Murray Gell-Mann and the Israeli physicist Yuval Ne'eman independently and simultaneously proposed the idea in 1961. [1] [2] [a] The name comes from Gell-Mann's (1961) paper and is an allusion to the Noble Eightfold Path of Buddhism. [3]
The baryon decuplet shows twelve baryons formed by a combination of three u, d or s-quarks, with a total spin of 3 ⁄ 2. The vertical axis (S) indicates strangeness. Strangeness was introduced by Murray Gell-Mann, [4] Abraham Pais, [5] [6] Tadao Nakano and Kazuhiko Nishijima [7] to explain the fact that certain particles, such as the kaons or ...
While studying these decays, Murray Gell-Mann (in 1953) [4] [5] and Kazuhiko Nishijima (in 1955) [6] developed the concept of strangeness (which Nishijima called eta-charge, after the eta meson (η)) to explain the "strangeness" of the longer-lived particles. The Gell-Mann–Nishijima formula is the result of these efforts to understand strange ...
In 1961, Murray Gell-Mann introduced the Eightfold Way as a pattern to group baryons and mesons. [11] In 1964, Gell-Mann and George Zweig independently proposed that all hadrons are composed of elementary constituents, which Gell-Mann called "quarks". [12] Initially, only the up quark, the down quark, and the strange quark were proposed. [13]