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Temperature distribution in a thermal bridge This thermal image shows a thermal bridging of a high-rise building (Aqua in Chicago). A thermal bridge, also called a cold bridge, heat bridge, or thermal bypass, is an area or component of an object which has higher thermal conductivity than the surrounding materials, [1] creating a path of least resistance for heat transfer. [2]
The heat conduction can be minimized by any of the following: reducing the cross sectional area of the bridges, increasing the bridge length, or decreasing the number of thermal bridges. One method of reducing thermal bridge effects is the installation of an insulation board (e.g. foam board EPS XPS, wood fibre board, etc.) over the exterior ...
The calculation of the heat loss due to linear thermal bridging is relatively simple, given by the formula below: [3] H T B = y ∑ A e x p {\displaystyle H_{TB}=y\sum A_{exp}} In the formula, y = 0.08 {\displaystyle y=0.08} if Accredited Construction details used, and y = 0.15 {\displaystyle y=0.15} otherwise, and ∑ A e x p {\displaystyle ...
Base isolators for seismic isolation of buildings, bridges, etc. Base isolators made of layers of neoprene and steel with a low horizontal stiffness are used to lower the natural frequency of the building. Some other base isolators are designed to slide, preventing the transfer of energy from the ground to the building. Tuned mass dampers
In the United States, a house built to passive house standard results in a building that requires space heating energy of 1 British thermal unit per square foot (11 kJ/m 2) per heating degree day, compared with about 5 to 15 BTU/sq ft (57 to 170 kJ/m 2) per heating degree day for a similar building built to meet the 2003 Model Energy Efficiency ...
Avalanche blasting in the French ski resort of Tignes (3,600 m or 11,800 ft) Gazex installation. Active techniques reduce the risk of an avalanche occurring by promoting the stabilization and settlement of the snow pack through three forms of intervention: disrupting weak layers in the snow pack, increasing the uniformity of the snow pack, and lessening the amount of snow available in snow ...
Thermal shock resistance measures can be used for material selection in applications subject to rapid temperature changes. The maximum temperature jump, , sustainable by a material can be defined for strength-controlled models by: [4] [3] = where is the failure stress (which can be yield or fracture stress), is the coefficient of thermal expansion, is the Young's modulus, and is a constant ...
Creep and shrinkage can cause a major loss of prestress. Underestimation of multi-decade creep has caused excessive deflections, often with cracking, in many of large-span prestressed segmentally erected box girder bridges (over 60 cases documented). Creep may cause excessive stress and cracking in cable-stayed or arch bridges, and roof shells ...