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Refraction at interface. Many materials have a well-characterized refractive index, but these indices often depend strongly upon the frequency of light, causing optical dispersion.
Thin film growers thus require information about the texture profile or the texture gradient in order to optimize the deposition process. The determination of texture gradients by x-ray scattering, however, is not straightforward, because different depths of a specimen contribute to the signal. Techniques that allow for the adequate ...
In its simplest form, the technique is applicable to thin films with thickness of less than a nanometer to several micrometers. Most models assume the sample is composed of a small number of discrete, well-defined layers that are optically homogeneous and isotropic. Violation of these assumptions requires more advanced variants of the technique ...
The Greninger chart is a simple trigonometric tool to determine g and d for a fixed sample-to-film distance. (If one uses a 2-d detector the problem of determining g and d could be solved mathematically using the equations which generate the Greninger chart) A new chart must be generated for different sample to detector distances.
Barlow proposed several crystal structures in the 1880s that were validated later by X-ray crystallography; [7] however, the available data were too scarce in the 1880s to accept his models as conclusive. Model of the arrangement of water molecules in ice, revealing the hydrogen bonds (1) that hold the solid together.
: two glides with the same glide plane and translation along two (different) half-lattice vectors. [note 1] A gyration point can be replaced by a screw axis denoted by a number, n, where the angle of rotation is . The degree of translation is then added as a subscript showing how far along the axis the translation is, as a portion of the ...
Quartz is one of the several crystalline forms of silica, SiO 2. The most important forms of silica include: α-quartz, β-quartz, tridymite, cristobalite, coesite, and stishovite. Polymorphism is the occurrence of multiple crystalline forms of a material. It is found in many crystalline materials including polymers, minerals, and metals ...
In manufacturing high-quality composite parts, such as in the aerospace industry, FEP film can be used to protect parts during the curing process. In such applications, the film is called "release film" and is intended to prevent the curing adhesive polymer (e.g. the epoxy in a carbon fibre/epoxy composite laminate) from bonding to the vacuum ...