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The Three Crowned Kings, [a] were the triumvirate of Chera, Chola and Pandya who dominated the politics of the ancient Tamil country, Tamilakam, from their three Nadu (countries) of Chola Nadu, Pandya Nadu (present day Madurai and Tirunelveli) and Chera Nadu (present day Kerala and some parts of Tamilnadu) in southern India.
[2] [3] The Cheras, known as one of the mu-ventar (the Three Kings) of Tamilakam (the Tamil Country) alongside the Chola and Pandya, has been documented as early as the third century BCE. [4] The Chera country was geographically well-placed at the tip of the Indian peninsula to profit from maritime trade via the extensive Indian Ocean networks.
South India in 300 BCE, showing the Chera, Pandya, and Chola tribes. Evidence in the forms of documents and inscriptions do not appear often in the history of ancient southern India. Although there are signs that the history dates back to several centuries BCE, we only have an authentic archaeological evidence from the early centuries of the ...
The exact nature of the relationships between the various branches of Chera rulers is somewhat unclear. Some of the major dynasties of medieval south India – Chalukya, Pallava, Pandya, Rashtrakuta, and Chola – seems to have conquered the Chera or Kerala country.
According to scholars, "the strategic advantage of marriage relations with the old ruling clan of Kollam in securing the loyalty of Venad can also be considered in the light of continuous Chola-Pandya attacks in south Kerala". [9] There is a tradition that Vira Kerala, a ruler of Kollam in early 12th century, was a son of the last Chera king. [10]
Chola king Rajadhiraja is known for defeating certain Vira Kerala, one of the so-called "thennavar muvar", and trampling him to death by his war elephant. [28] This royal was probably a Kongu-Chera of Chandra-Aditya Kula or a Pandya prince (son of a Pandya royal and a Kongu Chera princess). [29]
The Chera rulers of Venadu, based at the port Quilon in southern Kerala, trace their relations back to the later/second Cheras. Ravi Varma Kulasekhara, ruler of Venadu from 1299 to 1314, is known for his ambitious military campaigns to former Pandya and Chola territories.
After having had enough of troubles from the Chola and the Pandya kingdoms, with a prayer in mind, Kannaki throws her remaining anklet towards the Chera kingdom where her soul would find peace. Since then the deity in Kodungallur Temple is worshipped as Kannaki Amma.