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Unless there is no associated amblyopia, visual blur due to refractive errors can be corrected to normal using corrective lenses or refractive surgeries. [1] Presbyopia due to physiological insufficiency of accommodation (accommodation tends to decrease with age) is the main cause of defective near vision in the elderly. [3]
Presbyopia is a physiological insufficiency of optical accommodation associated with the aging of the eye; it results in progressively worsening ability to focus clearly on close objects. [4] Also known as age-related farsightedness [5] (or as age-related long sight in the UK [6]), it affects many adults over the age of 40. A common sign of ...
Older adults with visual impairment are at an increased risk of physical inactivity, [29] [30] slower gait speeds, [31] [32] [33] and fear of falls. [ 34 ] Physical activity is a useful predictor of overall well-being, and routine physical activity reduces the risk of developing chronic diseases and disability.
The incidence of age-related macular degeneration and its associated features increases with age and is low in people <55 years of age. [101] Smoking is the strongest modifiable risk factor. [ 102 ] As of 2008, age-related macular degeneration accounts for more than 54% of all vision loss in the white population in the US. [ 103 ]
A 2008 literature review writes that studies in several nations have found a relationship between myopia and higher IQ and between myopia and school achievement. Several, but not all, studies have found hyperopia to be associated with lower IQ and school achievements. A common explanation for myopia is near-work.
Singapore is believed to have the highest prevalence of myopia in the world; up to 80% of people there have myopia, but the accurate figure is unknown. [138] China's myopia rate is 31%: 400 million of its 1.3 billion people are myopic. The prevalence of myopia in high school in China is 77%, and in college is more than 80%. [139]
Rates among adults are between 15 and 49% while rates among children are between 1.2 and 42%. [7] Far-sightedness more commonly affects young children and the elderly. [8] [9] Presbyopia affects most people over the age of 35. [3]
The condition of posterior staphyloma in high myopia was first described by Scarpa in the 1800s. [6] Speculation about reinforcement of the eye began in the 19th century, when Rubin noted that sclera reinforcement “is probably the only one of all the surgical techniques [for myopia] which attempts to correct a cause, rather than an effect”. [7]