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Pathogenic bacteria are bacteria that can cause disease. [1] This article focuses on the bacteria that are pathogenic to humans. Most species of bacteria are harmless and many are beneficial but others can cause infectious diseases. The number of these pathogenic species in humans is estimated to be fewer than a hundred. [2]
Bacteria are also used for the bioremediation of industrial toxic wastes. [239] In the chemical industry, bacteria are most important in the production of enantiomerically pure chemicals for use as pharmaceuticals or agrichemicals. [240] Bacteria can also be used in place of pesticides in biological pest control.
As microorganisms, in particular bacteria, are found virtually everywhere, harmful microorganisms may be reduced to acceptable levels rather than actually eliminated. In food preparation, microorganisms are reduced by preservation methods such as cooking, cleanliness of utensils, short storage periods, or by low temperatures.
Humans can be infected with many types of pathogens, including prions, viruses, bacteria, and fungi, causing symptoms like sneezing, coughing, fever, vomiting, and potentially lethal organ failure. While some symptoms are caused by the pathogenic infection, others are caused by the immune system's efforts to kill the pathogen, such as ...
Biohazard Level 1: Bacteria and viruses including Bacillus subtilis, canine hepatitis, Escherichia coli, and varicella , as well as some cell cultures and non-infectious bacteria. At this level precautions against the biohazardous materials in question are minimal, most likely involving gloves and some sort of facial protection.
These bacteria are mostly harmless or even beneficial to humans. [6] For example, some strains of E. coli benefit their hosts by producing vitamin K 2 [ 7 ] or by preventing the colonization of the intestine by harmful pathogenic bacteria .
As the bacteria infect the host, the temperature of the host denatures the structure and allows translation initiation for the virulence genes. [citation needed] The majority of Listeria bacteria are attacked by the immune system before they are able to cause infection. Those that escape the immune system's initial response, however, spread ...
Autotrophic bacteria and algae are unrelated organisms; however, in aquatic environments, they are both primary producers. [17] Cyanobacteria are an important autotrophic bacteria in the water food web. Explosions of cyanobacteria known as algal blooms can produce cyanotoxins harmful to both the ecosystem and