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A(B) and A(V) are the total extinction at the B and V filter bands. Another measure used in the literature is the absolute extinction A(λ)/A(V) at wavelength λ, comparing the total extinction at that wavelength to that at the V band. R(V) is known to be correlated with the average size of the dust grains causing the extinction.
Solar System dust includes comet dust, planetary dust (like from Mars), [4] asteroidal dust, dust from the Kuiper belt, and interstellar dust passing through the Solar System. Thousands of tons of cosmic dust are estimated to reach Earth's surface every year, [5] with most grains having a mass between 10 −16 kg (0.1 pg) and 10 −4 kg (0.1 g ...
Dust grains are heated via this radiation and can transfer thermal energy during collisions with the gas. A measure of efficiency in the heating is given by the accommodation coefficient: α = T 2 − T T d − T {\displaystyle \alpha ={\frac {T_{2}-T}{T_{d}-T}}} where T is the gas temperature, T d the dust temperature, and T 2 the post ...
In Saturn's magnetosphere the active moon Enceladus at 4 (= 6.0 × 10 4 km is Saturn's radius) is a source of oxygen and water ions at a density of 10 9 m −3 and an energy 5 eV. Dust particles are charged to a surface potential of -1 and -2 V. Outside 4 the ion energy increases to 100 eV and the resulting surface potential rises to +5 V. [166 ...
The Zone of Avoidance (ZOA, ZoA), or Zone of Galactic Obscuration (ZGO), [1] [2] is the area of the sky that is obscured by the Milky Way. [ 3 ] The Zone of Avoidance was originally called the Zone of Few Nebulae in an 1878 paper by English astronomer Richard Proctor that referred to the distribution of " nebulae " in John Herschel 's General ...
The vast majority of the electromagnetic radiation from the central stars is absorbed by surrounding dust, then emitted as mid-and far infrared appropriate to the temperature of the dust. This allows almost the entire energy output of the system to be observed at wavelengths that are not strongly affected by interstellar extinction, leading to ...
The superbubble Henize 70, also known as N70 or DEM301, in the Large Magellanic Cloud [1]. In astronomy a superbubble or supershell is a cavity which is hundreds of light years across and is populated with hot (10 6 K) gas atoms, less dense than the surrounding interstellar medium, blown against that medium and carved out by multiple supernovae and stellar winds.
A hot, dust-obscured galaxy, or hot DOG, is a rare type of quasar. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] The central black hole of such a galaxy emits vast amounts of radiation which heats the infalling dust and gas, releasing infrared light at a rate about 1,000 times as much as the Milky Way , making these some of the most luminous galaxies in the universe. [ 4 ]