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Typewritten text in Portuguese; note the acute accent, tilde, and circumflex accent.. Portuguese orthography is based on the Latin alphabet and makes use of the acute accent, the circumflex accent, the grave accent, the tilde, and the cedilla to denote stress, vowel height, nasalization, and other sound changes.
The orthography of Portuguese takes advantage of this correlation to minimize the number of diacritics, but orthographic rules vary in different regions (e.g., Brazil and Portugal), and should not be used as a reliable guide to stress, despite the existing correlations found in the grapheme-phoneme conversion of Portuguese data. [61]
The grave accent ( ̀) (/ ɡ r eɪ v / GRAYV [1] [2] or / ɡ r ɑː v / GRAHV [1] [2]) is a diacritical mark used to varying degrees in French, Dutch, Portuguese, Italian, Catalan and many other western European languages as well as for a few unusual uses in English.
In Portuguese, a diaeresis (Portuguese: trema) was used in (mainly Brazilian) Portuguese until the 1990 Orthographic Agreement. It was used in combinations güe/qüe and güi/qüi, in words like sangüíneo [sɐ̃ˈɡwinju] "sanguineous". After the implementation of the Orthographic Agreement, it was abolished altogether from all Portuguese words.
Portuguese dialects are the mutually intelligible variations of the Portuguese language in Portuguese-speaking countries and other areas holding some degree of cultural bond with the language. Portuguese has two standard forms of writing and numerous regional spoken variations, with often large phonological and lexical differences.
The Portuguese language began to be used regularly in documents and poetry around the 12th century. In 1290, King Dinis created the first Portuguese university in Lisbon (later moved to Coimbra) and decreed that Portuguese, then called simply the "common language", would henceforth be used instead of Latin, and named the "Portuguese language".
Languages written with Latin script may indicate nasal vowels by a trailing silent n or m, as is the case in French, Portuguese, Lombard (central classic orthography), Bamana, Breton, and Yoruba. In other cases, they are indicated by diacritics. In the International Phonetic Alphabet, nasal vowels are denoted by a tilde over the symbol for the ...
en is used in Portuguese for /ɐĩ̯ ~ ẽĩ̯/ at the end of a word followed or not by an /s/ as in hífen or hifens; and for /ẽ/ before a consonant within a word. In French, it represents /ɑ̃/ or /ɛ̃/. én is used in Portuguese for /ɐĩ̯ ~ ẽĩ̯/ before a consonant. ên is used in Portuguese for /ẽ/ before a consonant.