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  2. Condenser (optics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condenser_(optics)

    A condenser (right) and its respective diaphragm (left) A condenser is an optical lens that renders a divergent light beam from a point light source into a parallel or converging beam to illuminate an object to be imaged. Condensers are an essential part of any imaging device, such as microscopes, enlargers, slide

  3. Köhler illumination - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Köhler_illumination

    Köhler illumination is a method of specimen illumination used for transmitted and reflected light (trans- and epi-illuminated) optical microscopy.Köhler illumination acts to generate an even illumination of the sample and ensures that an image of the illumination source (for example a halogen lamp filament) is not visible in the resulting image.

  4. Optical microscope - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_microscope

    A simple microscope uses a lens or set of lenses to enlarge an object through angular magnification alone, giving the viewer an erect enlarged virtual image. [1] [2] The use of a single convex lens or groups of lenses are found in simple magnification devices such as the magnifying glass, loupes, and eyepieces for telescopes and microscopes.

  5. Inverted microscope - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverted_microscope

    An inverted microscope is a microscope with its light source and condenser on the top, above the stage pointing down, while the objectives and turret are below the stage pointing up. It was invented in 1850 by J. Lawrence Smith , a faculty member of Tulane University (then named the Medical College of Louisiana).

  6. Phase telescope - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase_telescope

    A phase telescope or Bertrand lens is an optical device used in aligning the various optical components of a light microscope.In particular it allows observation of the back focal plane of the objective lens and its conjugated focal planes.

  7. Crossword abbreviations - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crossword_abbreviations

    Roman numerals: for example the word "six" in the clue might be used to indicate the letters VI; The name of a chemical element may be used to signify its symbol; e.g., W for tungsten; The days of the week; e.g., TH for Thursday; Country codes; e.g., "Switzerland" can indicate the letters CH; ICAO spelling alphabet: where Mike signifies M and ...

  8. Phase-contrast microscopy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-contrast_microscopy

    In a phase-contrast microscope, image contrast is increased in two ways: by generating constructive interference between scattered and background light rays in regions of the field of view that contain the specimen, and by reducing the amount of background light that reaches the image plane. [4]

  9. Differential interference contrast microscopy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential_interference...

    The Nomarski prism causes the two rays to come to a focal point outside the body of the prism, and so allows greater flexibility when setting up the microscope, as the prism can be actively focused. 3. The two rays are focused by the condenser for passage through the sample. These two rays are focused so they will pass through two adjacent ...

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