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Physiologic amenorrhea is present before menarche, during pregnancy and breastfeeding, and after menopause. [3] Breastfeeding or lactational amenorrhea is also a common cause of secondary amenorrhoea. [26] Lactational amenorrhea is due to the presence of elevated prolactin and low levels of LH, which suppress ovarian hormone secretion. [27]
The treatment is determined based on the cause of menorrhagia. In case of puberty menorrhagia due to immaturity of hypothalamic axis, hormonal therapy is beneficial. Treatment for blood loss should be done simultaneously with iron therapy in mild to moderate blood loss and blood transfusion in severe blood loss.
A full physical exam, external gynecological and bimanual exam can be performed to assess for organic causes of amenorrhea. [9] Symptoms of hypoestrogenism, whose severity will positively correlate with the duration of hypoestrogenism, will be present in FHA patients; these can include lack of cervical mucus, pale areola and nipples, thinned ...
Uterine fibroids are benign, non-cancerous growths in the uterus that affect most women at some point in their lives and usually does not require treatment unless they cause intolerable symptoms. [21] Stress and lifestyle factors commonly impact menstruation, which includes weight changes, dieting, changes in exercise, travel, and illness. [22]
Symptoms of dysmenorrhea often begin immediately after ovulation and can last until the end of menstruation. This is because dysmenorrhea is often associated with changes in hormonal levels in the body that occur with ovulation. In particular, prostaglandins induce abdominal contractions that can cause pain and gastrointestinal symptoms.
Chronic anovulation is a common cause of infertility. In addition to the alteration of menstrual periods and infertility, chronic anovulation can cause or exacerbate other long-term problems, such as hyperandrogenism or osteopenia. It plays a central role in the multiple imbalances and dysfunctions of polycystic ovary syndrome.
Hormonal therapies to reduce or stop menstrual bleeding have long been used to manage a number of gynecologic conditions including menstrual cramps (dysmenorrhea), heavy menstrual bleeding, irregular or other abnormal uterine bleeding, menstrual-related mood changes (premenstrual syndrome or premenstrual dysphoric disorder), and pelvic pain due to endometriosis or uterine fibroids.
It presents after puberty as primary amenorrhea, recurrent pelvic pain with a pelvic mass. This can be caused by a congenital stenosis of the cervix, or by a complication of a surgical treatment. [4] Mucometrocolpos is the accumulation of mucous secretions behind an imperforate hymen. [5] [6] Mucometrocolpos can sometimes cause abdominal ...