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The dictionary was edited by the honorary director general of the board Maulvi Abdul Haq who had already been working on an Urdu dictionary since the establishment of the Urdu Dictionary Board, Karachi, in 1958. [1] [2] [3] Urdu Lughat consists of 22 volumes. In 2019, the board prepared a concise version of the dictionary in two volumes.
These slow wave potentials must reach a threshold level for the action potential to occur, whereupon Ca 2+ channels on the smooth muscle open and an action potential occurs. As the contraction is graded based upon how much Ca 2+ enters the cell, the longer the duration of slow wave, the more action potentials occur.
The gastrocolic reflex or gastrocolic response is a physiological reflex that controls the motility, or peristalsis, of the gastrointestinal tract following a meal. It involves an increase in motility of the colon consisting primarily of giant migrating contractions, in response to stretch in the stomach following ingestion and byproducts of digestion entering the small intestine. [1]
The gut microbiome employs various approaches to interact with the host immune system. For instance, B. fragilis , which is symbiotic in humans, can transfer immune regulatory molecules to immune cells through the secretion of outer membrane vesicles .
A slow-wave potential is a rhythmic electrophysiological event in the gastrointestinal tract. The normal conduction of slow waves is one of the key regulators of gastrointestinal motility. [ 1 ] Slow waves are generated and propagated by a class of pacemaker cells called the interstitial cells of Cajal , which also act as intermediates between ...
One of the causes of abnormal bloating is excessive eating and air swallowing, known as aerophagia. [2] Other causes of bloating and distension include inflammatory bowel diseases such as Crohn's disease [3] [4] and ulcerative colitis, irritable bowel syndrome, diabetes, functional dyspepsia, or transient constipation.
Distension of the stomach increases motility of the stomach. [2] Distension of the duodenum inhibits stomach motility in order to prevent the over filling of the duodenum. [2] Presence of fat, low pH, and hypertonic solutions cause a decrease in motility of the stomach. [2] Sympathetic nervous system innervation inhibits gastric motility. [2]
Gastroenterology (from the Greek gastḗr- "belly", -énteron "intestine", and -logía "study of") is the branch of medicine focused on the digestive system and its disorders. [1]