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Examples of research in which knockout mice have been useful include studying and modeling different kinds of cancer, obesity, heart disease, diabetes, arthritis, substance abuse, anxiety, aging and Parkinson's disease. Knockout mice also offer a biological and scientific context in which drugs and other therapies can be developed and tested.
KLF1 deficient (knockout) mouse embryos exhibit a lethal anemic phenotype, fail to promote the transcription of adult β-globin, and die by embryonic day 15. [6] Over-expression of KLF1 results in a reduction of the number of circulating platelets and hastens the onset of the β-globin gene.
The International Knockout Mouse Consortium (IKMC) is a scientific endeavour to produce a collection of mouse embryonic stem cell lines that together lack every gene in the genome, and then to distribute the cells to scientific researchers to create knockout mice to study.
An example of this method in action can be seen through the production of a knockout mouse. This is accomplished through the administration of one or more transgenes into a fertilized mouse oocyte’s pronucleus. Afterwards, it is reimplanted into a host mother, who then births a transgenic mouse.
An example GAL4-UAS system, with GAL4 lines and UAS reporter lines. The GAL4-UAS system is a biochemical method used to study gene expression and function in organisms such as the fruit fly . It is based on the finding by Hitoshi Kakidani and Mark Ptashne, [ 1 ] and Nicholas Webster and Pierre Chambon [ 2 ] in 1988 that Gal4 binding to UAS ...
Gene knockout by mutation is commonly carried out in bacteria. An early instance of the use of this technique in Escherichia coli was published in 1989 by Hamilton, et al. [2] In this experiment, two sequential recombinations were used to delete the gene.
Gene knock-in originated as a slight modification of the original knockout technique developed by Martin Evans, Oliver Smithies, and Mario Capecchi.Traditionally, knock-in techniques have relied on homologous recombination to drive targeted gene replacement, although other methods using a transposon-mediated system to insert the target gene have been developed. [3]
In CRF 1 knockout mice, and mice treated with a CRF 1 antagonist, there is a decrease in anxious behavior and a blunted stress response, suggesting that CRF 1 mechanisms are anxiogenic. [ 7 ] [ 12 ] However, the effect of CRF 1 appears to be regionally specific and cell-type specific, likely due to the wide variety of cascades and signaling ...