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The unit commitment problem (UC) in electrical power production is a large family of mathematical optimization problems where the production of a set of electrical generators is coordinated in order to achieve some common target, usually either matching the energy demand at minimum cost or maximizing revenue from electricity production.
EPANET's computational engine is available for download as a separate dynamic link library for incorporation into other applications. [7] The source code for EPANET 2 is available on the EPA's EPANET website. [8] In 2012, Baseform released a rewrite of the EPANET toolkit in Java under the GNU GPLv3 license. [9]
The base load [2] (also baseload) is the minimum level of demand on an electrical grid over a span of time, for example, one week. This demand can be met by unvarying power plants [ 3 ] or dispatchable generation , [ 4 ] depending on which approach has the best mix of cost, availability and reliability in any particular market.
The base stock model is a statistical model in inventory theory. [1] In this model inventory is refilled one unit at a time and demand is random . If there is only one replenishment, then the problem can be solved with the newsvendor model .
The theory of the least objectionable program (LOP) is a mediological theory explaining television audience behavior. [1] It was developed in the 1960s by then executive of audience measurement at NBC , Paul L. Klein , [ 2 ] [ 3 ] who was greatly influenced by the media theorist Marshall McLuhan 's Understanding Media .
A load-following power plant, regarded as producing mid-merit or mid-priced electricity, is a power plant that adjusts its power output as demand for electricity fluctuates throughout the day. [1] Load-following plants are typically in between base load and peaking power plants in efficiency, speed of start-up and shut-down, construction cost ...
It is defined by taking the fixed numerical value of the Planck constant h to be 6.626 070 15 × 10 −34 when expressed in the unit J s, which is equal to kg m 2 s −1, where the metre and the second are defined in terms of c and ∆ν Cs." [1] The mass of one litre of water at the temperature of melting ice. A litre is one thousandth of a ...
For example, in the Czech Republic, different districts use "ZPA II 32S", "ZPA II 64S" and Versacom. ZPA II 32S sends a 2.33 second on, a 2.99 second off, then 32 one-second pulses (either on or off), with an "off time" between each pulse of one second. ZPA II 64S has a much shorter off time, permitting 64 pulses to be sent, or skipped. [5]