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Alternatively, a constant-speed propeller is one where the pilot sets the desired engine speed , and the blade pitch is controlled automatically without the pilot's intervention so that the rotational speed remains constant. The device which controls the propeller pitch and thus speed is called a propeller governor or constant speed unit.
A 6-bladed Hamilton Standard 568F propeller on an ATR 72 short-haul airliner. Lowry [27] quotes a propeller efficiency of about 73.5% at cruise for a Cessna 172.This is derived from his "Bootstrap approach" for analyzing the performance of light general aviation aircraft using fixed pitch or constant speed propellers.
They introduced a twist in their blades to keep the angle of attack constant. Their blades were only 5% less efficient than those used 100 years later. [28] Understanding of low-speed propeller aerodynamics was complete by the 1920s, although increased power and smaller diameters added design constraints. [29]
However, the actual propeller speed remains stable only if operational conditions (e.g., airspeed) do not change, otherwise the pilot has to constantly adjust the pitch to maintain the desired propeller speed. Constant-speed propeller control system simplifies this for the pilot by introducing a propeller governor, where the lever controls the ...
The momentum theory or disk actuator theory – a theory describing a mathematical model of an ideal propeller – was developed by W.J.M. Rankine (1865), Alfred George Greenhill (1888) and Robert Edmund Froude (1889). The propeller is modelled as an infinitely thin disc, inducing a constant velocity along the axis of rotation.
The constant-speed propeller was popularly known as the "gearshift of the air." [12] [13] [14] Caldwell and Ernest G. McCauley hold three joint patents for propeller innovations. [6] In 1990, the Hydromatic Propeller, on display at the New England Air Museum of Windsor Locks, was pronounced as an International Historic Mechanical Engineering ...
The revised Zlín Z 42M flew in November 1972, with a revised tail taken from the Z 43, and a Constant speed propeller replacing the variable pitch propeller (where the propeller pitch is controlled by the pilot) of the original Z 42. When early Z 42s were refitted with the new propeller, they were redesignated Z 42 MU. [2] Zlín Z-142
914 F2: Version equipped to accept a fixed pitch propeller. [7] [8] 914 F3: Version equipped with a hydraulic governor for a constant speed propeller. [7] [8] 914 F4: Version equipped to accept a hydraulic governor for a constant speed propeller. [7] [8] 914 UL Non-certified engine version for homebuilt and ultralight aircraft. [4] [6]