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Jain philosophy or Jaina philosophy refers to the ancient Indian philosophical system of the Jain religion. [1] It comprises all the philosophical investigations and systems of inquiry that developed among the early branches of Jainism in ancient India following the parinirvāṇa of Mahāvīra ( c. 5th century BCE ). [ 1 ]
He advocates continence, truth, non-violence, simplicity and purity for those who seek liberation. Tīrthankaras ultimately become Siddhas on liberation. Mahavira was the last Tirthankara and Salakapurusa of this descending time cycle as per the Jain Universal History. The twenty four Tīrthankaras of this descending time cycle are:
Jain texts often add samyak tap (Correct Asceticism) as a fourth jewel, emphasizing belief in ascetic practices as the means to liberation (moksha). [6] The four jewels are called moksha marg. [2] According to Jain texts, the liberated pure soul (Siddha) goes up to the summit of universe (Siddhashila) and dwells there in eternal bliss. [7]
The Jain Center of America was the first Jain center in the United States. It opened in New York City in 1982. [16] Since then, over 100 Jain centers and temples have opened in America. [17] Most Jain centers are complexes that include a main temple housing Digambara and Śvētāmbara images, libraries, meeting rooms, guest rooms, and so forth.
The whole scheme of gunasthana in Jain philosophy is devised in a logical order according to the principle of decreasing sinfulness and increasing purity. At the first stage, all the five causes of bondage—Irrational beliefs ( mithyatva ), non-restraint ( avirati ), carelessness ( pramada ), passions ( kashaya ) and activities of mind, speech ...
In Jain history, it was a metaphysical doctrine and a philosophical method to formulate its distinct ascetic practice of liberation. Jain history shows, to the contrary, that it persistently was harshly critical and intolerant of Buddhist and Hindu spiritual theories, beliefs and ideologies.
The distinguishing features of Jain philosophy are its belief in the independent existence of soul and matter, predominance of karma, the denial of a creative and omnipotent God, belief in an eternal and uncreated universe, a strong emphasis on nonviolence, an accent on anekantavada and morality and ethics based on liberation of the soul. The ...
mokṣa (liberation) – complete annihilation of all karmic matter (bound with any particular soul). The knowledge of these realities is said to be essential for the liberation of the soul. The Digambara sect believes in the 7 tattvas only (all those that are listed except puṇya and pāpa), while the Śvetāmbara sect believes in all 9 of them.