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Intrinsic stress can be acutely and chronically experienced by a person. [8] The varying effects of stress on performance or stress hormones are often compared to or known as "inverted-u" [10] which induce areas in learning, memory and plasticity. [8] Chronic stress can affect the brain structure and cognition.
Two molecular mechanisms for synaptic plasticity involve the NMDA and AMPA glutamate receptors. Opening of NMDA channels (which relates to the level of cellular depolarization) leads to a rise in post-synaptic Ca 2+ concentration and this has been linked to long-term potentiation, LTP (as well as to protein kinase activation); strong depolarization of the post-synaptic cell completely ...
Alcohol use disorder can vary in severity. Alcohol dependence can impact stress and other disorders in many ways. [70] For example, stress-related disorders such as anxiety and PTSD are known to increase risk of alcohol use disorder (AUD), and they are often co-morbid. Mental disorders that pair with AUD can impacts the brain in many ways.
Many regions of the brain are very sensitive to stress and can be damaged with extended exposure. More importantly, many of the mechanisms involved with increased memory retention, comprehension, and adaptation are thought to involve LTP and LTD, two activity-dependent plasticity mechanisms that stress can directly suppress. Several experiments ...
The synapse is the primary unit of information transfer in the nervous system, and correct synaptic contact creation during development is essential for normal brain function. Genetic mutations can disrupt synapse formation and function, contributing to the development of neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders. [46]
Neurons communicate with one another via synapses and affect the timing of spike trains in the post-synaptic neurons. Depending on the properties of the connection, such as the coupling strength, time delay and whether coupling is excitatory or inhibitory , the spike trains of the interacting neurons may become synchronized . [ 37 ]
“Of importance, if sleep apnea affects the brain health and increases the risk for dementias, then treatment of it can serve as a strategy to improve brain health and prevent these disorders ...
The SAM and HPA axes are regulated by several brain regions, including the limbic system, prefrontal cortex, amygdala, hypothalamus, and stria terminalis. [3] Through these mechanisms, stress can alter memory functions, reward, immune function, metabolism and susceptibility to diseases. [5]