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Hydraulically activated pipeline pigging (HAPP) is a pigging technology applied for pipeline cleaning. The basic principle is that a pressure drop is created over a by-passable pig held back against a pipeline's fluid flow. The pipeline fluid passing through the pig's cleaning head is accelerated by this pressure drop, forming strong cleaning jets.
Pigs are used in lube oil or paint blending to clean the pipes to avoid cross-contamination, and to empty the pipes into the product tanks (or sometimes to send a component back to its tank). Usually pigging is done at the beginning and at the end of each batch, but sometimes it is done in the midst of a batch, such as when producing a premix ...
Ice pigging is a technique used for cleaning pipes, distinguished from traditional pigging by the use of a semi-solid 'pig' made of ice, rather than a solid object. This ice pig is capable of flowing through pipes, navigating obstructions such as valves and variations in pipe diameter, due to its fluid-like properties.
This is a list of free and open-source software for geological data handling and interpretation. The list is split into broad categories, depending on the intended use of the software and its scope of functionality. Notice that 'free and open-source' requires that the source code is available and users are given a free software license.
Pipe classes and piping line numbers; Flow directions; Interconnections references; Permanent start-up, flush and bypass lines; Pipelines and flowlines; Blinds and spectacle blinds; Insulation and heat tracing; Process control instrumentation and designation (names, numbers, unique tag identifiers), including:
This is a category of articles relating to free software for making or viewing Portable Document Format (PDF) documents. That is, software which can be freely used, copied, studied, modified, and redistributed by everyone that obtains a copy. Typically, this means software which is distributed with a free software license, and whose source code ...
The pipe segments may be made of cast iron, with 12 feet (3.7 m) to 20 feet (6.1 m) sections, but are more often made of vitrified clay pipe (VCP), a ceramic material, in 3 feet (0.91 m), 4 feet (1.2 m) & 6 feet (1.8 m) sections. Each iron or clay segment will have an enlargement (a "bell") on one end to receive the end of the adjacent segment.
Process piping and power piping are typically checked by pipe stress engineers to verify that the routing, nozzle loads, hangers, and supports are properly placed and selected such that allowable pipe stress is not exceeded under different loads such as sustained loads, operating loads, pressure testing loads, etc., as stipulated by the ASME B31, EN 13480, GOST 32388, RD 10-249 or any other ...