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Freeze–thaw desalination (or freezing desalination) uses freezing to remove fresh water from salt water. Salt water is sprayed during freezing conditions into a pad where an ice-pile builds up. When seasonal conditions warm, naturally desalinated melt water is recovered. This technique relies on extended periods of natural sub-freezing ...
Vapor-compression desalination (VC) refers to a distillation process where the evaporation of sea or saline water is obtained by the application of heat delivered by compressed vapor. Overview [ edit ]
Fractional freezing is a process used in process engineering and chemistry to separate substances with different melting points. It can be done by partial melting of a solid, for example in zone refining of silicon or metals , or by partial crystallization of a liquid, as in freeze distillation , also called normal freezing or progressive ...
Multiple-effect humidification (MEH) is a method used for thermal desalination of sea water. It uses multiple evaporation – condensation cycles at separate temperature levels to minimize the total energy consumption of solar humidification processes.
Modern Water has deployed forward osmosis based desalination plants in Gibraltar and Oman. [ 4 ] [ 5 ] [ 6 ] In March 2010, National Geographic [ 7 ] magazine cited forward osmosis as one of three technologies that promised to reduce the energy requirements of desalination.
Multiple-effect distillation or multi-effect distillation (MED) is a distillation process often used for sea water desalination.It consists of multiple stages or "effects". In each stage the feed water is heated by steam in tubes, usually by spraying saline water onto th
Multi-stage flash distillation (MSF) is a water desalination process that distills sea water by flashing a portion of the water into steam in multiple stages of what are essentially countercurrent heat exchangers. Current MSF facilities may have as many as 30 stages.
Electrodialysis reversal (EDR) is an electrodialysis reversal water desalination membrane process that has been commercially used since the early 1960s. [1] An electric current migrates dissolved salt ions, including fluorides, nitrates and sulfates, through an electrodialysis stack consisting of alternating layers of cationic and anionic ion exchange membranes.