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The chemical abbreviation for sodium was first published in 1814 by Jöns Jakob Berzelius in his system of atomic symbols, [46] [47] and is an abbreviation of the element's Neo-Latin name natrium, which refers to the Egyptian natron, [42] a natural mineral salt mainly consisting of hydrated sodium carbonate. Natron historically had several ...
The first solvation shell of a sodium ion dissolved in water. An aqueous solution is a solution in which the solvent is water. It is mostly shown in chemical equations by appending (aq) to the relevant chemical formula. For example, a solution of table salt, also known as sodium chloride (NaCl), in water would be represented as Na + (aq) + Cl ...
The following chart shows the solubility of various ionic compounds in water at 1 atm pressure and room temperature (approx. 25 °C, 298.15 K). "Soluble" means the ionic compound doesn't precipitate, while "slightly soluble" and "insoluble" mean that a solid will precipitate; "slightly soluble" compounds like calcium sulfate may require heat to precipitate.
The chemical state of a group of elements, can be similar to, but not identical to, the chemical state of another similar group of elements because the two groups have different ratios of the same elements and exhibit different chemical, electronic, and physical properties that can be detected by various spectroscopic techniques.
The chemical identity of the ions added is also important in many uses. For example, fluoride containing compounds are dissolved to supply fluoride ions for water fluoridation. [88] Solid salts have long been used as paint pigments, and are resistant to organic solvents, but are sensitive to acidity or basicity. [89]
A typical phase diagram.The solid green line applies to most substances; the dashed green line gives the anomalous behavior of water. In thermodynamics, the triple point of a substance is the temperature and pressure at which the three phases (gas, liquid, and solid) of that substance coexist in thermodynamic equilibrium. [1]
Piper diagram of water samples from the Mtshabezi River, Zimbabwe. Data source: [2] A Piper diagram is a graphical representation of the chemistry of a water sample or samples. The cations and anions are shown by separate ternary plots. The apexes of the cation plot are calcium, magnesium and sodium plus potassium cations.
In organic chemistry, a hydrate is a compound formed by the hydration, i.e. "Addition of water or of the elements of water (i.e. H and OH) to a molecular entity". [5] For example: ethanol , CH 3 −CH 2 −OH , is the product of the hydration reaction of ethene , CH 2 =CH 2 , formed by the addition of H to one C and OH to the other C, and so ...