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The extinction law's primary application is in chemical analysis, where it underlies the Beer–Lambert law, commonly called Beer's law. Beer's law states that a beam of visible light passing through a chemical solution of fixed geometry experiences absorption proportional to the solute concentration .
Lambert began conducting photometric experiments in 1755 and by August 1757 had enough material to begin writing. [11] From the references in Photometria and the catalogue of his library auctioned after his death, it is clear that Lambert consulted the optical works of Isaac Newton, Pierre Bouguer, Leonhard Euler, Christiaan Huygens, Robert Smith, and Abraham Gotthelf Kästner. [12]
Beer's law, also called the Beer-Lambert law, in spectroscopy, is the physical law stating that the quantity of light absorbed by a substance dissolved in a nonabsorbing solvent is directly proportional to the concentration of the substance and the path length of the light through the solution.
The absorbance of a material that has only one absorbing species also depends on the pathlength and the concentration of the species, according to the Beer–Lambert law =, where ε is the molar absorption coefficient of that material; c is the molar concentration of those species; ℓ is the path length.
The Beer–Lambert law states that there is a logarithmic dependence between the transmission (or transmissivity), T, of light through a substance and the product of the absorption coefficient of the substance, α, and the distance the light travels through the material (i.e. the path length), ℓ.
The main principle is based on a kind of Bouguer (Lambert–Beer) law: the amount by which the flow of beta radiation is attenuated by a solid matter is exponentially dependent on its mass and not on any other feature (such as density, chemical composition or some optical or electrical properties) of this matter. [1]
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The Beer–Lambert law has implicit assumptions that must be met experimentally for it to apply; otherwise there is a possibility of deviations from the law. [14] For instance, the chemical makeup and physical environment of the sample can alter its extinction coefficient.