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The toxin's molecular function is to inhibit ion channels. The two types of Na+ channel toxins can be divided into two groups (alpha and beta) based on their functional effects. Beta (β) toxins shift the voltage-dependence of activation to more negative potentials, making the channel more likely to open at membrane potentials where activation ...
Charybdotoxin (ChTX) is a 37 amino acid neurotoxin from the venom of the scorpion Leiurus quinquestriatus hebraeus (deathstalker) that blocks calcium-activated potassium channels. [2] This blockade causes hyperexcitability of the nervous system. It is a close homologue of agitoxin and both toxins come from Leiurus quinquestriatus hebraeus.
The main targets of these toxins are potassium channels and sodium channels. On the basis of their amino acid sequences comparison those toxins are classified in 4 groups(3). HsTx1 Toxin belongs to the fourth group, which also contains toxins Pi1, Pi2 and Pi3 (from Pandinus imperator scorpion) and Maurotoxin (MTX, from Scorpio maurus scorpion
In addition to the BBB, the choroid plexus provides a layer of protection against toxin absorption in the brain. The choroid plexuses are vascularized layers of tissue found in the third, fourth, and lateral ventricles of the brain, which through the function of their ependymal cells, are responsible for the synthesis of cerebrospinal fluid ...
Neurotoxicity is a form of toxicity in which a biological, chemical, or physical agent produces an adverse effect on the structure or function of the central and/or peripheral nervous system. [1] It occurs when exposure to a substance – specifically, a neurotoxin or neurotoxicant – alters the normal activity of the nervous system in such a ...
Cm28, a scorpion toxin from Centruroides margaritatus, selectively blocks voltage-gated potassium channels K V 1.2 and K V 1.3 with high affinity. [1] It also suppresses the activation of human CD4 + effector memory T cells, suggesting its potential as a therapeutic agent for autoimmune diseases.
The crude venom of T. serrulatus contains different toxins. Some of the strongest derivates are the neurotoxins tityustoxin and toxin Ts-g. [3] Two types of toxins are considered to be responsible for the main toxic effect: toxin gamma (a β-type toxin) and tityustoxin (TsTX, an α-type toxin), both with a specific affinity to the sodium channel. [4]
BmTx3 is the first toxin from the scorpion α-KTx subfamily 15 [3] with two functional faces. As all α-KTx peptides, BmTx3 blocks A-type (I A ) potassium currents (K D = 54 nM). BmTx3 blocks primarily the Kv4.x proteins and has a higher affinity for Kv4.1 channels than for Kv4.2 and Kv4.3 channels. [ 4 ]