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No animal species is known to be immune to the acute toxic effects of aflatoxins. Adult humans have a high tolerance for aflatoxin exposure and rarely succumb to acute aflatoxicosis, [31] but children are particularly affected, and their exposure can lead to stunted growth and delayed development, in addition to all the symptoms mentioned below ...
Aflatoxin B 1, the most toxic, is a potent carcinogen and has been directly correlated to adverse health effects, such as liver cancer, in many animal species. [11] Aflatoxins are largely associated with commodities produced in the tropics and subtropics, such as cotton, peanuts, spices, pistachios, and maize.
Treatment of human liver cells with aflatoxin B 1 at doses that ranged from 3–5 μmol/L resulted in the formation of aflatoxin B 1-DNA adducts, 8-hydroxyguanine lesions and DNA damage. [41] Carcinogenicity The carcinogenicity of aflatoxin B 1, which is characterized by the development of liver cell carcinoma, has been reported in rat studies ...
Human foods: Vomitoxin is not a known carcinogen, unlike aflatoxin. Large amounts of grain with vomitoxin would have to be consumed to pose acute toxicity in humans. Currently, the chronic effects of low-dose exposure are unknown. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration has established a level of 1 ppm (parts per million) restriction of vomitoxin.
Several studies have been undertaken of the toxic effects of aflatoxin M 1 in laboratory animals. However, in comparison to aflatoxin B 1, relatively little is known about the toxicity of aflatoxin M 1, primarily because of the difficulty in obtaining sufficient quantities of the pure compound necessary for extensive toxicity testing. [8]
The passage of mycotoxins through the food chain may also have important consequences on human health. [62] For example, in China in December 2011, high levels of carcinogen aflatoxin M1 in Mengniu brand milk were found to be associated with the consumption of mold-contaminated feed by dairy cattle. [63]
The toxic effects of sterigmatocystin are much the same as those of aflatoxin B1. It is thus considered as a potent carcinogen, mutagen, and teratogen. It is less acutely toxic to rodents and monkeys but appears to be slightly more toxic to zebra fish. The LD50 in mice is in excess of 800 mg/kg.
In mice the elimination of FB 1 is very rapid, but in humans it could be much slower considering their body weight. [6] There are several possible pathways that cause toxic effects of fumonisin B 1. Most toxic effects are due to altered sphingolipid metabolism by inhibition of ceramide synthase. Production of reactive oxygen species could occur.