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The dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia or the dopamine hypothesis of psychosis is a model that attributes the positive symptoms of schizophrenia to a disturbed and hyperactive dopaminergic signal transduction. The model draws evidence from the observation that a large number of antipsychotics have dopamine-receptor antagonistic effects. The ...
Schizophrenia affects around 0.3–0.7% of people at some point in their life. [19] [14] In areas of conflict this figure can rise to between 4.0 and 6.5%. [255] It occurs 1.4 times more frequently in males than females and typically appears earlier in men. [87] Worldwide, schizophrenia is the most common psychotic disorder. [56]
The causes of schizophrenia that underlie the development of schizophrenia, a psychiatric disorder, are complex and not clearly understood.A number of hypotheses including the dopamine hypothesis, and the glutamate hypothesis have been put forward in an attempt to explain the link between altered brain function and the symptoms and development of schizophrenia.
The dopamine receptor D 4 is a dopamine D2-like G protein-coupled receptor encoded by the DRD4 gene on chromosome 11 at 11p15.5. [5] The structure of DRD4 has been reported in complex with the antipsychotic drug nemonapride. [6] As with other dopamine receptor subtypes, the D 4 receptor is activated by the neurotransmitter dopamine.
As amphetamines trigger the release of dopamine and excessive dopamine function is believed to be responsible for some symptoms of schizophrenia (known as the dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia), amphetamines may worsen psychotic symptoms. [138]
Dopamine receptor D 3 has been shown to interact with CLIC6 [36] and EPB41L1. [ 37 ] DRD3 Ser9Gly polymorphism(rs6280), which is a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) with variant base C/T is linked to variation in PD such as depression severity, impulse control disorders, behavioral addiction and aberrant decision-making.
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