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  2. Earth potential rise - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_potential_rise

    The resistance of the Earth is non-zero, so current injected into the earth at the grounding electrode produces a potential rise with respect to a distant reference point. The resulting potential rise can cause hazardous voltage, many hundreds of metres away from the actual fault location.

  3. Electrical resistance survey - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_resistance_survey

    Electrical resistance survey of an archaeological site using a twin probe system. In most systems, metal probes (electrodes) are inserted into the ground to obtain a reading of the local electrical resistance. A variety of probe configurations are used, most having four probes, often mounted on a rigid frame. In these systems, two of the probes ...

  4. Electrical resistivity tomography - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_resistivity...

    Greater electrode spacings of 1.5, 3.0, 6.0, 15.0, 30.0, 100.0, and 150.0 m are typically used for deeper investigations. The depth of investigation is typically less than the maximum electrode spacing. Water is introduced to the electrode holes as the electrodes are driven into the ground to improve electrical contact. ERT survey

  5. Earth battery - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_battery

    An earth battery is a pair of electrodes made of two ... Measurement of Soil Resistivity & Calculation of Earth Electrode Resistance Archived 2007-02-07 at the ...

  6. Contact resistance - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contact_resistance

    Electrical contact resistance is also called interface resistance, transitional resistance, or the correction term. Parasitic resistance is a more general term, of which it is usually assumed that contact resistance is a major component. William Shockley [1] introduced the idea of a potential drop on an injection electrode to explain the ...

  7. Standard electrode potential (data page) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_electrode...

    The data below tabulates standard electrode potentials (E°), in volts relative to the standard hydrogen electrode (SHE), at: Temperature 298.15 K (25.00 °C; 77.00 °F); Effective concentration (activity) 1 mol/L for each aqueous or amalgamated (mercury-alloyed) species; Unit activity for each solvent and pure solid or liquid species; and

  8. Electrical resistivities of the elements (data page) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_resistivities_of...

    As quoted in an online version of: David R. Lide (ed), CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 84th Edition.CRC Press. Boca Raton, Florida, 2003; Section 4, Properties of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds; Physical Properties of the Rare Earth Metals

  9. Single-wire earth return - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-wire_earth_return

    A good ground resistance is 5–10 ohms which can be measured using specialist earth test equipment. SWER systems are designed to limit the electric field in the earth to 20 volts per meter to avoid shocking people and animals that might be in the area.