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Combined oral contraceptive pills work to suppress the growth of the extra-uterine endometrial tissue. This works to lessen its inflammatory effects. [37] Combined oral contraceptive pills, along with the other medical treatments listed above, do not eliminate the extra-uterine tissue growth, they just reduce the symptoms.
Side effects from hormonal contraceptives typically disappear over time (3-5 months) with consistent use. [16] Less common effects of combined hormonal contraceptives include increasing the risk of deep vein thrombosis to 2-10 per 10,000 women per year and venous thrombotic events (see venous thrombosis) to 7-10 per 10,000 women per year. [15]
The effect of combined hormonal contraceptives on mood is unclear at this point. There have been some large cohort studies suggesting there may be an association with mood-related side-effects. Patient-perceived changes in mood remain one of the most common reasons for hormonal contraceptive discontinuation. [41
Common side effects include nausea, breast tenderness, headaches, and increased, decreased, or irregular menstrual bleeding. [11] When used as an emergency contraceptive, if pregnancy occurs, there is no evidence that its use harms the fetus. [11] It is safe to use during breastfeeding. [11]
While unpredictable breakthrough bleeding is a possible side effect for all hormonal contraceptives, it is more common with progestogen-only formulations. [16] Most regimens of COCPs, NuvaRing, and the contraceptive patch incorporate a placebo or break week that causes regular withdrawal bleeding.
[17] [4] It also has functional antiandrogenic effects by decreasing the circulating free fractions of androgens. [18] CPA is a progestin (synthetic progestogen ), or an agonist of the progesterone receptors , the biological target of progestogens like progesterone .
Ormeloxifene may be used as a weekly oral contraceptive. [6] The weekly schedule is an advantage for women who prefer an oral contraceptive, but find it difficult or impractical to adhere to a daily schedule required by other oral contraceptives. [citation needed]
Two types of female oral contraceptive pill, taken once per day, are widely available: The combined oral contraceptive pill contains estrogen and a progestin; colloquially known as "the Pill". The progestogen-only pill, colloquially known as "minipill". For perfect use it is 99% effective and typical use is 91% effective.
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