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A system of skew coordinates is a curvilinear coordinate system where the coordinate surfaces are not orthogonal, [1] in contrast to orthogonal coordinates.. Skew coordinates tend to be more complicated to work with compared to orthogonal coordinates since the metric tensor will have nonzero off-diagonal components, preventing many simplifications in formulas for tensor algebra and tensor ...
b) Non–orthogonal coordinate. Figure 3 shows non-orthogonal grids. The figure shows the grid lines do not intersect at 90-degree angle. In both these cases the domain boundaries coincide with the coordinate lines; therefore all the geometrical details can be incorporated. Grids can be refined easily to capture important flow features.
Equations with boundary conditions that follow coordinate surfaces for a particular curvilinear coordinate system may be easier to solve in that system. While one might describe the motion of a particle in a rectangular box using Cartesian coordinates, it is easier to describe the motion in a sphere with spherical coordinates.
This is because the n-dimensional dV element is in general a parallelepiped in the new coordinate system, and the n-volume of a parallelepiped is the determinant of its edge vectors. The Jacobian can also be used to determine the stability of equilibria for systems of differential equations by approximating behavior near an equilibrium point.
The classic applications of bipolar coordinates are in solving partial differential equations, e.g., Laplace's equation or the Helmholtz equation, for which bipolar coordinates allow a separation of variables (in 2D). A typical example would be the electric field surrounding two parallel cylindrical conductors.
Bipolar coordinates are a two-dimensional orthogonal coordinate system based on the Apollonian circles. [1] There is also a third system, based on two poles ( biangular coordinates ). The term "bipolar" is further used on occasion to describe other curves having two singular points (foci), such as ellipses , hyperbolas , and Cassini ovals .
The primary difference between a computer algebra system and a traditional calculator is the ability to deal with equations symbolically rather than numerically. The precise uses and capabilities of these systems differ greatly from one system to another, yet their purpose remains the same: manipulation of symbolic equations .
Contains the three translations along the coordinate axes; μ – scale factor, which is unitless; if it is given in ppm, it must be divided by 1,000,000 and added to 1. R – rotation matrix. Consists of three axes (small [clarification needed] rotations around each of the three coordinate axes) r x, r y, r z. The rotation matrix is an ...