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"A review on the diagnosis of animal trypanosomoses". Parasites & Vectors. 15 (1): 64. doi: 10.1186/s13071-022-05190-1. ISSN 1756-3305. PMC 8858479. PMID 35183235. Uilenberg, G. (1998). "African animal trypanosomes". A field guide for the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of African animal trypanosomosis. Food and Agriculture Organization of ...
Surra (from the Marathi sūra, meaning the sound of heavy breathing through nostrils, of imitative origin) [1] is a disease of vertebrate animals. The disease is caused by protozoan trypanosomes , specifically Trypanosoma evansi , of several species which infect the blood of the vertebrate host, causing fever , weakness, and lethargy which lead ...
The main approaches to controlling African trypanosomiasis are to reduce the reservoirs of infection and the presence of the tsetse fly. Screening of people at risk helps identify patients at an early stage. Diagnosis should be made as early as possible and before the advanced stage to avoid complicated, difficult and risky treatment procedures.
African trypanosomiasis symptoms occur in two stages: the hemolymphatic stage and the neurological stage (the latter being characterised by parasitic invasion of the central nervous system). [ 9 ] [ 10 ] Neurological symptoms occur in addition to the initial features, and the two stages may be difficult to distinguish based on clinical features ...
T. evansi, which causes one form of the disease surra in certain animals including camels [20] (a single case report of human infection in 2005 in India [21] was successfully treated with suramin [22]) T. everetti, in birds; T. hosei, in amphibians; T. irwini, in koalas; T. lewisi, in rats; T. melophagium, in sheep, transmitted via Melophagus ...
Benznidazole and nifurtimox often cause side effects, including skin disorders, digestive system irritation, and neurological symptoms, which can result in treatment being discontinued. [ 2 ] [ 8 ] New drugs for Chagas disease are under development, [ 9 ] and while experimental vaccines have been studied in animal models, [ 10 ] [ 11 ] a human ...
T. brucei rhodesiense which causes fast onset acute trypanosomiasis in humans. A highly zoonotic parasite, it is prevalent in southern and eastern Africa, where game animals and livestock are thought to be the primary reservoir. [45] [48] T. brucei brucei which causes animal trypanosomiasis, along with several other species of Trypanosoma. T. b.
The symptoms of leishmaniasis are skin sores which erupt weeks to months after the person is bitten by infected sandflies. Leishmaniasis may be divided into the following types: [ 15 ] Cutaneous leishmaniasis is the most common form, which causes an open sore at each bite site, which heals in a few months to a year and a half, leaving an ...