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Bernoulli's principle is a key concept in fluid dynamics that relates pressure, density, speed and height. Bernoulli's principle states that an increase in the speed of a parcel of fluid occurs simultaneously with a decrease in either the pressure or the height above a datum. [1]:
It uses a combination of the energy, momentum, and continuity equations to determine water depth with a given a friction slope (), channel slope (), channel geometry, and also a given flow rate. In practice, this technique is widely used through the computer program HEC-RAS , developed by the US Army Corps of Engineers Hydrologic Engineering ...
The three terms are used to define the state of a closed system of an incompressible, constant-density fluid. When the dynamic pressure is divided by the product of fluid density and acceleration due to gravity, g, the result is called velocity head, which is used in head equations like the one used for pressure head and hydraulic head.
In mathematics, an ordinary differential equation is called a Bernoulli differential equation if it is of the form ′ + = (), where is a real number. Some authors allow any real , [1] [2] whereas others require that not be 0 or 1.
In fluid dynamics, total dynamic head (TDH) is the work to be done by a pump, per unit weight, per unit volume of fluid.TDH is the total amount of system pressure, measured in feet, where water can flow through a system before gravity takes over, and is essential for pump specification.
This pressure difference arises from a change in fluid velocity that produces velocity head, which is a term of the Bernoulli equation that is zero when there is no bulk motion of the fluid. In the picture on the right, the pressure differential is entirely due to the change in velocity head of the fluid, but it can be measured as a pressure ...
Using Bernoulli's equation, the pressure coefficient can be further simplified for potential flows (inviscid, and steady): [3] | = = where: is the flow speed at the point at which pressure coefficient is being evaluated
Bernoulli's equation is foundational to the dynamics of incompressible fluids. In many fluid flow situations of interest, changes in elevation are insignificant and can be ignored. With this simplification, Bernoulli's equation for incompressible flows can be expressed as [2] [3] [4] + =, where: