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Evolution of the solar luminosity, radius and effective temperature compared to the present-day Sun. After Ribas (2009) [3] The uncrewed SOHO spacecraft was used to measure the radius of the Sun by timing transits of Mercury across the surface during 2003 and 2006. The result was a measured radius of 696,342 ± 65 kilometres (432,687 ± 40 miles).
where G is the Newtonian constant of gravitation, M ☉ is the solar mass, k is the numerical value of Gaussian gravitational constant and D is the time period of one day. [1] The Sun is constantly losing mass by radiating away energy, [54] so the orbits of the planets are steadily expanding outward from the Sun. This has led to calls to ...
The Sun's rays are attenuated as they pass through the atmosphere, leaving maximum normal surface irradiance at approximately 1000 W/m 2 at sea level on a clear day. When 1361 W/m 2 is arriving above the atmosphere (when the Sun is at the zenith in a cloudless sky), direct sun is about 1050 W/m 2 , and global radiation on a horizontal surface ...
In astrodynamics, canonical units are defined in terms of some important object’s orbit that serves as a reference. In this system, a reference mass, for example the Sun’s, is designated as 1 “canonical mass unit” and the mean distance from the orbiting object to the reference object is considered the “canonical distance unit”.
41 840 J/m 2 The langley (Ly) is a unit of heat transmission, especially used to express the rate of solar radiation (or insolation ) received by the earth. The unit was proposed by Franz Linke in 1942 [ 1 ] and named after Samuel Langley (1834–1906) in 1947.
The micrometre (SI symbol: μm) is a unit of length in the metric system equal to 10 −6 metres ( 1 / 1 000 000 m = 0. 000 001 m). To help compare different orders of magnitude , this section lists some items with lengths between 10 −6 and 10 −5 m (between 1 and 10 micrometers , or μm).
A luminance meter is a device used in photometry that can measure the luminance in a particular direction and with a particular solid angle. The simplest devices measure the luminance in a single direction while imaging luminance meters measure luminance in a way similar to the way a digital camera records color images.
mcd/m 2: 100 μcd/m 2: Cloudy night sky without moon [4] 400 μcd/m 2 "Darkest sky" [5] 1 mcd/m 2: Night sky [6] 1.4 mcd/m 2: Typical photographic scene lit by full moon [7] 10 −2: 5 mcd/m 2: Approximate scotopic/mesopic threshold [8] 10 −1: 10 0: cd/m 2: 2 cd/m 2: Floodlit buildings, monuments, and fountains [9] 10 1: 5 cd/m 2: Approximate ...