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Zinc dialkyldithiophosphates (often referred to as ZDDP) are a family of coordination compounds developed in the 1940s that feature zinc bound to the anion of a dialkyldithiophosphoric salt (e.g., ammonium diethyl dithiophosphate). [1]
Oil-soluble organophosphates, with or without zinc, have excellent high-pressure and antiwear properties, and provide corrosion protection especially in presence of chlorinated hydrocarbons. Zinc dialkyldithiophosphates (ZDDP) start decomposing at 130-170 °C, while the activation temperature of tricresyl phosphate (TCP) typically exceeds 200 °C.
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zinc dialkyl dithio phosphate (ZDDP), probably the most widely used [2] in formulated engine oils, also acts as a corrosion inhibitor and antioxidant Tricresyl phosphate (TCP), used for high-temperature operation, often used as an AW and EP additive in turbine engine lubricants, and also in some crankcase oils and hydraulic fluids
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A formulated oil will often have KOH (potassium hydroxide), a strong base, in small amounts, as it is an effective neutralizer used in refining petroleum. [5] Additives that perform a similar function in a motor oil include magnesium and calcium sulphonates, salicylates, and phenates. [4] These are the detergent additives mentioned previously.
Prior to 1964, tires were all made to a 90% aspect ratio. Tire size was specified as the tire width in inches and the diameter in inches – for example, 6.50-15. [29] From 1965 to the early 1970s, tires were made to an 80% aspect ratio. Tire size was again specified by width in inches and diameter in inches.
Tire factories start with bulk raw materials such as synthetic rubber (60% -70% of total rubber in the tire industry [2] [3]), carbon black, and chemicals and produce numerous specialized components that are assembled and cured. The tire is an assembly of numerous components that are built up on a drum and then cured in a press under heat and ...