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The pregnancy category of a medication is an assessment of the risk of fetal injury due to the pharmaceutical, if it is used as directed by the mother during pregnancy. It does not include any risks conferred by pharmaceutical agents or their metabolites in breast milk. Every drug has specific information listed in its product literature.
Topical nicotinamide and topical zinc are safe, however, there are no FDA pregnancy category ratings. [27] [28] Topical salicylic acid and topical dapsone are classified as FDA pregnancy category C. [23] [28] Acne medications to avoid during pregnancy include oral isotretinoin and topical tazarotene as there have been reports of birth defects.
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) assigns the drug to pregnancy category C, meaning that no adequate and well-controlled studies in humans have been conducted. A newborn of a mother taking opioid medications regularly prior to the birth will be physically dependent.
Use in pregnancy is not recommended as safety is unclear. [2] Ethionamide is in the thioamides family of medications. It is believed to work by interfering with the use of mycolic acid. [5] Ethionamide was discovered in 1956 and approved for medical use in the United States in 1965.
Linezolid is in U.S. pregnancy category C, meaning there have been no adequate studies of its safety when used by pregnant women, and although animal studies have shown mild toxicity to the fetus, the benefits of using the drug may outweigh its risks. [8] It also passes into breast milk, although the clinical significance of this (if any) is ...
The FDA has assigned lacosamide to pregnancy category C. Animal studies have reported incidences of fetal mortality and growth deficit. Lacosamide has not been tested during human pregnancy, and should be administered with caution. In addition, it has not been determined whether the excretion of lacosamide occurs in breast milk. [7]
Rifapentine has been assigned a pregnancy category C by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Rifapentine in pregnant women has not been studied, but animal reproduction studies have resulted in fetal harm and were teratogenic.
Tapentadol is pregnancy category C. There are no adequate and well-controlled studies of tapentadol in pregnant women, and tapentadol is not recommended for use in women during and immediately prior to labor and delivery. [31] There are no adequate and well-controlled studies of tapentadol in children. [31]