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  2. Cone - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cone

    The lateral surface area of a right circular cone is = where is the radius of the circle at the bottom of the cone and is the slant height of the cone. [4] The surface area of the bottom circle of a cone is the same as for any circle, . Thus, the total surface area of a right circular cone can be expressed as each of the following:

  3. Pappus's centroid theorem - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pappus's_centroid_theorem

    The theorem applied to an open cylinder, cone and a sphere to obtain their surface areas. The centroids are at a distance a (in red) from the axis of rotation.. In mathematics, Pappus's centroid theorem (also known as the Guldinus theorem, Pappus–Guldinus theorem or Pappus's theorem) is either of two related theorems dealing with the surface areas and volumes of surfaces and solids of ...

  4. Bernstein's problem - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernstein's_problem

    Bernstein (1915–1917) proved Bernstein's theorem that a graph of a real function on R 2 that is also a minimal surface in R 3 must be a plane. Fleming (1962) gave a new proof of Bernstein's theorem by deducing it from the fact that there is no non-planar area-minimizing cone in R 3.

  5. The Method of Mechanical Theorems - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Method_of_Mechanical...

    The volume of the cone with base area S and height r is /, which must equal the volume of the sphere: /. Therefore, the surface area of the sphere must be 4 π r 2 {\displaystyle 4\pi r^{2}} , or "four times its largest circle".

  6. Spherical cap - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spherical_cap

    For example, assuming the Earth is a sphere of radius 6371 km, the surface area of the arctic (north of the Arctic Circle, at latitude 66.56° as of August 2016 [7]) is 2π ⋅ 6371 2 | sin 90° − sin 66.56° | = 21.04 million km 2 (8.12 million sq mi), or 0.5 ⋅ | sin 90° − sin 66.56° | = 4.125% of the total surface area of the Earth.

  7. Solid angle - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid_angle

    The external surface area A of the cap equals r2 only if solid angle of the cone is exactly 1 steradian. Hence, in this figure θ = A/2 and r = 1. The solid angle of a cone with its apex at the apex of the solid angle, and with apex angle 2 θ, is the area of a spherical cap on a unit sphere

  8. Spherical sector - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spherical_sector

    In geometry, a spherical sector, [1] also known as a spherical cone, [2] is a portion of a sphere or of a ball defined by a conical boundary with apex at the center of the sphere. It can be described as the union of a spherical cap and the cone formed by the center of the sphere and the base of the cap.

  9. Spherical trigonometry - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spherical_trigonometry

    An earlier proof was derived, but not published, by the English mathematician Thomas Harriot. On a sphere of radius R both of the above area expressions are multiplied by R 2. The definition of the excess is independent of the radius of the sphere. The converse result may be written as