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Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF), formerly known as Steno-Fallot tetralogy, [9] is a congenital heart defect characterized by four specific cardiac defects. [4] Classically, the four defects are: [ 4 ] pulmonary stenosis , which is narrowing of the exit from the right ventricle;
Today, a dedicated fetal echocardiogram can detect nearly 100% of serious congenital heart disease. Yet most pregnant women do not have a fetal echocardiogram but rather undergo a general obstetric ultrasound that may detect only around a third of fetal heart disease. To improve detection, some propose universal fetal echocardiography. [2]
A right-to-left shunt occurs when: there is an opening or passage between the atria, ventricles, and/or great vessels; and,; right heart pressure is higher than left heart pressure and/or the shunt has a one-way valvular opening.
It is a type of medical imaging, using standard ultrasound or Doppler ultrasound. [1] The visual image formed using this technique is called an echocardiogram, a cardiac echo, or simply an echo. Echocardiography is routinely used in the diagnosis, management, and follow-up of patients with any suspected or known heart diseases. It is one of the ...
Echogenic intracardiac focus (EIF) is a small bright spot seen in the baby's heart on an ultrasound exam. This is thought to represent mineralization, or small deposits of calcium, in the muscle of the heart.
A left ventricular outflow tract obstruction (LVOTO) may be due to a defect in the aortic valve, or a defect located at the subvalvar or supravalvar level. [1] [3] Aortic valve stenosis; Supravalvar aortic stenosis; Coarctation of the aorta; Hypoplastic left heart syndrome; Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
There are four chambers in a heart: an atrium (upper) and a ventricle (lower) on both the left and right sides. [1] In mammals and birds, blood from the body goes to the right side of the heart first. [2] Blood enters the upper right atrium, is pumped down to the right ventricle and from there to the lungs via the pulmonary artery. [3]
Cœur en sabot (French for "clog-shaped heart" or "boot-shaped heart" [1]) is a radiological sign seen most commonly in patients with tetralogy of Fallot, [2] a cyanotic congenital heart disease. It is a radiological term to describe the following findings in the x-ray: [ citation needed ]