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An example of this abstraction process is the generational development of programming language from the machine language to the assembly language and the high-level language. Each stage can be used as a stepping stone for the next stage. The language abstraction continues for example in scripting languages and domain-specific programming languages.
In class-based programming, a factory is an abstraction of a constructor of a class, while in prototype-based programming a factory is an abstraction of a prototype object. A constructor is concrete in that it creates objects as instances of one class, and by a specified process (class instantiation), while a factory can create objects by instantiating various classes, or by using other ...
In computer programming, a collection is an abstract data type that is a grouping of items that can be used in a polymorphic way. Often, the items are of the same data type such as int or string . Sometimes the items derive from a common type; even deriving from the most general type of a programming language such as object or variant .
Modern object-oriented languages, such as C++ and Java, support a form of abstract data types. When a class is used as a type, it is an abstract type that refers to a hidden representation. When a class is used as a type, it is an abstract type that refers to a hidden representation.
Many widely used languages, such as C++, Java, and Python, provide object-oriented features. Although in the past object-oriented programming was widely accepted, [ 51 ] more recently essays criticizing object-oriented programming and recommending the avoidance of these features (generally in favor of functional programming ) have been very ...
For example, the Java language does not allow client code that accesses the private data of a class to compile. [12] In the C++ language, private methods are visible, but not accessible in the interface; however, they may be made invisible by explicitly declaring fully abstract classes that represent the interfaces of the class.
Separate an abstraction (Abstraction) from its implementation (Implementor) by putting them in separate class hierarchies. Implement the Abstraction in terms of (by delegating to) an Implementor object. This enables to configure an Abstraction with an Implementor object at run-time. See also the Unified Modeling Language class and sequence ...
The abstraction principle is mentioned in several books. Some of these, together with the formulation if it is succinct, are listed below. Alfred John Cole, Ronald Morrison (1982) An introduction to programming with S-algol: "[Abstraction] when applied to language design is to define all the semantically meaningful syntactic categories in the language and allow an abstraction over them".