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Bipolar disorder is a mood disorder characterized by alternating periods of manic (elevated) and depressed mood.While the exact cause and mechanism of bipolar disorder remain unknown, ongoing research focuses on uncovering its biological origins.
Bipolar on average, starts during adulthood. Bipolar 1, on average, starts at the age of 18 years old, and Bipolar 2 starts at age 22 years old on average. However, most delay seeking treatment for an average of 8 years after symptoms start. Bipolar is often misdiagnosed with other psychiatric disorders.
Bipolar disorder can also involve depressive episodes, which have the same symptoms that people with major depressive disorder experience. Symptoms of a depressive episode can include:
Bipolar II – bipolar disorder categorized by depressive episodes and at least one hypomanic episode, no manic episode experienced; Cyclothymia – a milder form of bipolar disorder with predominantly depressive symptoms and some symptoms of hypomania, does not meet diagnostic severity of bipolar I or II
Bipolar affective disorder: BPD Borderline personality disorder (often misattributed to bipolar disorder) BPH Benign prostatic hyperplasia: BRBNS Blue rubber bleb nevus syndrome: BRIC1 Benign recurrent intrahepatic cholestasis 1 BRRS Bannayan–Riley–Ruvalcaba syndrome: BrS Brugada syndrome: BS Bloom syndrome: BSE Bovine spongiform ...
Bipolar I disorder requires confirmation of only 1 full manic episode for diagnosis, but may be associated with hypomanic and depressive episodes as well. [7] Diagnosis for bipolar II disorder does not include a full manic episode; instead, it requires the occurrence of both a hypomanic episode and a major depressive episode. [7]
A variety of other agents have been tried in bipolar disorder, including benzodiazepines, calcium channel blockers, L-methylfolate, and thyroid hormone. [2] Modafinil (Provigil) and pramipexole (Mirapex) have been suggested for treating cognitive dysfunction associated with bipolar depression, but evidence supporting their use is quite limited.
The cause of Bipolar disorder can be attributed to misfiring neurotransmitters that overstimulate the amygdala, which in turn causes the prefrontal cortex to stop working properly. The bipolar patient becomes overwhelmed with emotional stimulation with no way of understanding it, which can trigger mania and exacerbate the effects of depression ...