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A promoter is induced in response to changes in abundance or conformation of regulatory proteins in a cell, which enable activating transcription factors to recruit RNA polymerase. [4] [5] Given the short sequences of most promoter elements, promoters can rapidly evolve from random sequences.
Promoter activity of the P-RM and P-R promoters vs RNA polymerase concentration in the enterobacteriophage lambda [1]. Promoter activity is a term that encompasses several meanings around the process of gene expression from regulatory sequences —promoters [2] and enhancers. [3]
Further research at the late stage of thymocyte development reveals that distal Lck promoter with driven Cre will result in the distal lck gene promoter to drive Cre expression to be limited within innate-like T cells. There is a cell type specific function in innate-like T cells based on the distal lck promoter - driven Cre. [3]
Soon, the lab was able to clone the T7 RNA polymerase and use it, along with the powerful T7 promoter, to transcribe copious amounts of almost any gene. [4] The development of the T7 expression system has been considered the most successful biotechnology developed at the Brookhaven National Laboratory, being licensed by over 900 companies which ...
Most activators function by binding sequence-specifically to a regulatory DNA site located near a promoter and making protein–protein interactions with the general transcription machinery (RNA polymerase and general transcription factors), thereby facilitating the binding of the general transcription machinery to the promoter.
In eukaryotes, the 5′ flanking region has a complex set of regulatory elements such as enhancers, silencers, and promoters. The primary promoter element in eukaryotes is the TATA box. Other promoter elements found in eukaryotic 5′ flanking regions include initiator elements, downstream core promoter element, CAAT box, and the GC box. [1]
Several cell function specific transcription factor proteins (in 2018 Lambert et al. indicated there were about 1,600 transcription factors in a human cell [8]) generally bind to specific motifs on an enhancer [9] and a small combination of these enhancer-bound transcription factors, when brought close to a promoter by a DNA loop, govern the ...
The Inr element for core promoters was found to be more prevalent than the TATA box in eukaryotic promoter domains. [9] In a study of 1800+ distinct human promoter sequences it was found that 49% contain the Inr element while 21.8% contain the TATA box. [9] Out of those sequences with the TATA box, 62% contained the Inr element as well.