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Isoimmunization occurs when the maternal immune system is sensitized to red blood cell surface antigens. The most common causes of isoimmunization are blood transfusion, and fetal-maternal hemorrhage. [12] The hemolytic process can result in anemia, hyperbilirubinemia, neonatal thrombocytopenia, and neonatal neutropenia. [6]
Hemolytic disease of the newborn, also known as hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn, HDN, HDFN, or erythroblastosis fetalis, [1] [2] is an alloimmune condition that develops in a fetus at or around birth, when the IgG molecules (one of the five main types of antibodies) produced by the mother pass through the placenta.
The latter typically only occurs in mothers of blood group O, because they can produce enough IgG antibodies to cause hemolysis. [citation needed] Although very uncommon, cases of ABO HDN have been reported in infants born to mothers with blood groups A [2] [3] and B. [4]
Red blood cells normally survive an average of about 120 days, becoming damaged (their oxygen-carrying capacity becomes compromised) as they age.
Rh disease (also known as rhesus isoimmunization, Rh (D) disease, or rhesus incompatibility, and blue baby disease) is a type of hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn (HDFN). HDFN due to anti-D antibodies is the proper and currently used name for this disease as the Rh blood group system actually has more than 50 antigens and not only the ...
The mother's antibodies can remain in the baby's bloodstream for weeks, and bleeding can occur in the baby before birth (fetal), during birth or after birth (neonatal). [ 9 ] A number of different proteins can cause NAIT, about 80% of cases are caused by antibodies against platelet antigen HPA -1a , 15% by anti- HPA -5b , and 5% by other ...
Fetal hemoglobin, or foetal haemoglobin (also hemoglobin F, HbF, or α 2 γ 2) is the main oxygen carrier protein in the human fetus.Hemoglobin F is found in fetal red blood cells, and is involved in transporting oxygen from the mother's bloodstream to organs and tissues in the fetus.
Most people are born with two kidneys, but some individuals don't know what function or purpose they serve. ... heart disease, anemia, nerve damage, and fluid retention can arise," says Nagata ...