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An analog signal (in red) encoded to 4-bit PCM digital samples (in blue); the bit depth is four, so each sample's amplitude is one of 16 possible values (16 = 2 4). In digital audio using pulse-code modulation (PCM), bit depth is the number of bits of information in each sample , and it directly corresponds to the resolution of each sample.
Sample rate Bit rate Bits per sample Latency CBR VBR Stereo Multichannel G.711: companding A-law or μ-law, PCM: 8 kHz 64 kbit/s 8 bit 125 μs (typical) Yes No No No G.711.0: Lossless compression of G.711: 8 kHz 0.2–65.6 kbit/s 8 bit 5–40 ms No Yes No No G.711.1: MDCT, A-law, μ-law: 8, 16 kHz 64, 80, 96 kbit/s 16 bit 11.875 ms Yes Yes No No
The final version of audio that goes onto a compact disc contains only 16 bits per sample, but throughout the production process, a greater number of bits are typically used to represent the sample, this must be reduced to 16 bits to make the CD. There are multiple ways to do this.
ALAC supports up to 8 channels of audio at 16, 20, 24 and 32 bit depth with a maximum sample rate of 384 kHz. ALAC data is frequently stored within an MP4 container with the filename extension.m4a. This extension is also used by Apple for lossy AAC audio data in an MP4 container (same container, different audio encoding).
Adobe's DNG SDK provides a software library for encoding and decoding lossless JPEG with up to 16 bits per sample. ISO/IEC Joint Photography Experts Group maintains a reference software implementation which can encode both base JPEG (ISO/IEC 10918-1 and 18477-1) and JPEG XT extensions (ISO/IEC 18477 Parts 2 and 6-9), as well as JPEG-LS (ISO/IEC ...
A Sony PCM-501ES EIAJ LPCM Adapter on a Sony SL-HF360 VTR. The Sony PCM-1600 was the first commercial video-based 16-bit recorder. The 1600 (and its later versions, the 1610 and 1630) used special U-matic-format VCRs also furnished by Sony for transports, such as the BVU-200B (the first model of VCR optimized to work, and sold with, the PCM-1600 in 1979), [2] BVU-800DA, VO-5630DA, and the ...
The audio bit rate for a Red Book audio CD is 1,411,200 bits per second (1,411 kbit/s) or 176,400 bytes per second; 2 channels × 44,100 samples per second per channel × 16 bits per sample. Audio data coming in from a CD is contained in sectors, each sector being 2,352 bytes, and with 75 sectors containing 1 second of audio.
Ultimately Sony prevailed on both sample rate (44.1 kHz) and bit depth (16 bits per sample, rather than 14 bits per sample). The technical reasoning behind the rate being chosen is associated with characteristics of human hearing and early digital audio recording systems as described below. [1]: sec. 8.5