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[1] [4] Once conditions become more favorable for growth, the akinete can then germinate back into a vegetative cell. [5] Increased light intensity, nutrients availability, oxygen availability, and changes in salinity are important triggers for germination. [5] In comparison to vegetative cells, akinetes are generally larger.
Once a heterocyst has formed it cannot revert to a vegetative cell. Certain heterocyst-forming bacteria can differentiate into spore-like cells called akinetes or motile cells called hormogonia, making them the most phenotypically versatile of all prokaryotes.
In harsh conditions, A. circinalis form spore-like cells called akinetes. Akinetes are resistant to low temperature, desiccation , and darkness. Often, akinetes will hibernate in sediment until environmental conditions allow germination and re-growth.
Their cell size varies from less than 1 μm in diameter (picocyanobacteria) up to 100 μm (some tropical forms in the genus Oscillatoria) [39] [40] [41] Filamentous forms exhibit functional cell differentiation such as heterocysts (for nitrogen fixation), akinetes (resting stage cells), and hormogonia (reproductive, motile filaments).
[7] [8] [3] The minimum cellular need for P in Gloeotrichia is approximately 2.3 g P/mg C, but actual uptake is 25-500e-6 g/L/day, compared to algae, which is normally 1-100e-6 g/L/day. [9] Once Gloeotrichia have stored enough P to sustain colonial formation and growth, they begin to form vacuoles filled with gas to increase their buoyancy and ...
The cells are approximately 5 um in diameter, and are motile through gliding. This species produces two differentiated cells, heterocysts, and akinetes. [1] [2] [3]
According to Kukushkin, the memories stored in non-brain cells in other parts of the body are memories strictly related to the roles that those specific cells play in human health. Thus, he detailed:
These akinetes can persist in sediment for long periods of time, and are able to germinate once water temperatures rise to the appropriate level. [2] The bacteria prefers temperatures ranging from 25–30 °C, light intensity of 80–121 μmol m-2 s-1, and a max salinity concentration of 4 g L-1 NaCl. The levels of the bacteria typically stay ...