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The concept of Parallel Coordinates is often said to originate in 1885 by a French mathematician Philbert Maurice d'Ocagne. [1] d'Ocagne sought a way to provide graphical calculation of mathematical functions using alignment diagrams called nomograms which used parallel axes with different scales.
Equirectangular projection of the world; the standard parallel is the equator (plate carrée projection). Equirectangular projection with Tissot's indicatrix of deformation and with the standard parallels lying on the equator True-colour satellite image of Earth in equirectangular projection Height map of planet Earth at 2km per pixel, including oceanic bathymetry information, normalized as 8 ...
Map of the French coast, corrected by the Academy of Sciences in 1682. In the year 1634, France ruled by Louis XIII and Cardinal Richelieu, decided that the Ferro Meridian through the westernmost of the Canary Islands should be used as the reference on maps, since El Hierro (Ferro) was the most western position of the Ptolemy's world map. [3]
Coordinate charts are mathematical objects of topological manifolds, and they have multiple applications in theoretical and applied mathematics. When a differentiable structure and a metric are defined, greater structure exists, and this allows the definition of constructs such as integration and geodesics .
The reference point (λ 0, φ 0) with longitude λ 0 and latitude φ 0, transforms to the x,y origin at (0,0) in the rectangular coordinate system. [5] The Y axis maps the central meridian λ 0, with y increasing northwards, which is orthogonal to the X axis mapping the central parallel φ 0, with x increasing eastwards. [5]
The counterexamples are equirectangular and equal-area cylindrical projections (of normal aspects). These projections expand meridian-wise and parallel-wise by different ratios respectively. Thus, parallels and meridians cross rectangularly on the map, but these projections do not preserve other angles; i.e. these projections are not conformal.
When a coordinate system is chosen in the Euclidean space, this defines coordinates on : the coordinates of a point of are defined as the coordinates of (). The pair formed by a chart and such a coordinate system is called a local coordinate system , coordinate chart , coordinate patch , coordinate map , or local frame .
Nomograms use a parallel coordinate system invented by d'Ocagne rather than standard Cartesian coordinates. A nomogram consists of a set of n scales, one for each variable in an equation. Knowing the values of n-1 variables, the value of the unknown variable can be found, or by fixing the values of some variables, the relationship between the ...