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Absolute zero is the lowest limit of the thermodynamic temperature scale; a state at which the enthalpy and entropy of a cooled ideal gas reach their minimum value. The fundamental particles of nature have minimum vibrational motion, retaining only quantum mechanical, zero-point energy -induced particle motion.
At absolute zero (zero kelvins) the system must be in a state with the minimum possible energy. Entropy is related to the number of accessible microstates, and there is typically one unique state (called the ground state) with minimum energy. [1] In such a case, the entropy at absolute zero will be exactly zero.
a) Single possible configuration for a system at absolute zero, i.e., only one microstate is accessible. b) At temperatures greater than absolute zero, multiple microstates are accessible due to atomic vibration (exaggerated in the figure). At absolute zero temperature, the system is in the state with the minimum thermal energy, the ground state.
Experimentally, absolute zero can be approached only very closely; it can never be reached (the lowest temperature attained by experiment is 38 pK or 38 trillionths of a Kelvin). [4] Theoretically, in a body at a temperature of absolute zero, all classical motion of its particles has ceased and they are at complete rest in this classical sense.
However, the "absolute zero" on the Kelvin temperature scale was originally defined in terms of the second law of thermodynamics, which Thomson himself described in 1852. [8] Thomson did not assume that this was equal to the "zero-volume point" of Charles's law, merely said that Charles's law provided the minimum temperature which could be ...
Bergen County, New Jersey, was the first and remains among the few in America to reach "functional zero" for chronic homelessness. Bergen County, New Jersey, was the first and remains among the ...
The official COLA increase uses third-quarter data from July to September, so it’s too early to tell. “Nearly everyone was wrong about the path of inflation this year,” says Petersen. COLA ...
To obtain the absolute value, we need the third law of thermodynamics, which states that S = 0 at absolute zero for perfect crystals. For any irreversible process, since entropy is a state function, we can always connect the initial and terminal states with an imaginary reversible process and integrating on that path to calculate the difference ...