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Sulfur vulcanization is a chemical process for converting natural rubber or related polymers into materials of varying hardness, elasticity, and mechanical durability by heating them with sulfur [citation needed] or sulfur-containing compounds. [1]
Vulcanization, in common with the curing of other thermosetting polymers, is generally irreversible. The word was suggested by William Brockedon (a friend of Thomas Hancock who attained the British patent for the process) coming from the god Vulcan who was associated with heat and sulfur in volcanoes. [3]
Sulfur vulcanization, the more traditional method, uses sulfur to create cross-links between rubber polymer chains, enhancing flexibility and durability. Sulfur vulcanization is a chemical process crucial to the rubber industry, transforming raw rubber into a durable, elastic material. This process is suitable for a wide range of rubber products.
Sulphur crosslinks the rubber molecules in the vulcanization process; Vulcanizing accelerators are complex organic compounds that speed up the vulcanization; Activators assist the vulcanization. The main one is zinc oxide; Antioxidants and antiozonants prevent sidewall cracking due to the action of sunlight and ozone
The inverse vulcanization process can also be employed for the synthesis of activated carbon with narrow pore-size distributions. The sulfur-rich copolymer acts as a template where the carbons are produced. The final material is doped with sulfur and exhibits a micro-porous network and high gas selectivity.
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The substituents on the sulfenamides determine the point at which they will become active. Temperature dependent activation of sulfenamide accelerants is useful in the vulcanization process because the temperature at which the rubber polymerizes determines the length of the sulfur chains, and properties such as the elasticity of the final product.
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