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Feminist standpoint theory's initial focus was in challenging the idea of scientific neutrality and objectivity from a presupposed generalized knower. This wave of standpoint theory underscored how gendered identities influence individuals' epistemic resources and capacities, impacting their access to knowledge. [7]
Standpoint feminism is a theory that feminist social science should be practiced from the standpoint of women or particular groups of women, [1] as some scholars (e.g. Patricia Hill Collins and Dorothy Smith) say that they are better equipped to understand some aspects of the world.
Multiracial feminism (also known as "women of color" feminism) offers a standpoint theory and analysis of the lives and experiences of women of color. [24] The theory emerged in the 1990s and was developed by Dr. Maxine Baca Zinn, a Chicana feminist, and Dr. Bonnie Thornton Dill, a sociology expert on African American women and family. [24] [25]
Perspective-taking is the act of perceiving a situation or understanding a concept from an alternative point of view, such as that of another individual. [1]A vast amount of scientific literature suggests that perspective-taking is crucial to human development [2] and that it may lead to a variety of beneficial outcomes.
Perspectivism may be regarded as an early form of epistemological pluralism, [2] though in some accounts includes treatment of value theory, [3] moral psychology, [4] and realist metaphysics. [ 5 ] Early forms of perspectivism have been identified in the philosophies of Protagoras , Michel de Montaigne , and Gottfried Leibniz .
Standpoint theory is often criticized for the lack of evidence available to support it and the ideas underlying it, such as the lack of justification for the underdetermination theory Harding uses. Pinnick, to illustrate her point about Harding's poor evidence, points to standpoint theory's claim that science is more objective if it is ...
Both Collins and Dorothy Smith have been instrumental in providing a sociological definition of standpoint theory. A standpoint is an individual's world perspective. The theoretical basis of this approach views societal knowledge as being located within an individual's specific geographic location.
Human development theory is a theory which uses ideas from different origins, such as ecology, sustainable development, feminism and welfare economics. It wants to avoid normative politics and is focused on how social capital and instructional capital can be deployed to optimize the overall value of human capital in an economy.