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Valentinus (Greek: Οὐαλεντῖνος; c. 100 – c. 180 CE) was the best known and, for a time, most successful early Christian Gnostic theologian. [1] He founded his school in Rome. According to Tertullian, Valentinus was a candidate for bishop but started his own group when another was chosen. [2]
The doctrine, practices and beliefs of Valentinus and the Gnostic movement that bore his name were condemned as heretical by proto-orthodox Christian leaders and scholars. Prominent Church Fathers such as Irenaeus of Lyons and Hippolytus of Rome wrote against Gnosticism. Because early church leaders encouraged the destruction of Gnostic texts ...
Gnosticism used a number of religious texts that are preserved, in part or whole, in ancient manuscripts, or lost but mentioned critically in Patristic writings. There is significant scholarly debate around what Gnosticism is, and therefore what qualifies as a "Gnostic text."
In Gnostic tradition, the name Sophia (Σοφία, Greek for "wisdom") refers to the final emanation of God, and is identified with the anima mundi or world-soul. She is occasionally referred to by the Hebrew equivalent of Achamoth [dubious – discuss] (this is a feature of Ptolemy's version of the Valentinian Gnostic myth).
Marcion of Sinope (/ ˈ m ɑːr k i ə n,-s i ə n /; Ancient Greek: Μαρκίων [2] [note 1] Σινώπης; c. 85 – c. 160 [3]) was a theologian [4] in early Christianity. [4] [5] Marcion preached that God had sent Jesus Christ, who was distinct from the "vengeful" God who had created the world.
In Gnosticism the use becomes more technical, though its applications are still very variable. The Gnostic writers appeal to the use in the NT (evidenced in Irenaeus' account of their views and his corresponding refutation, Iren I. iii. 4), and the word retains from it the sense of totality in contrast to the constituent parts; but the chief associations of pleroma in their systems are with ...
Axionicus (Ancient Greek: Ἀξιόνικος) of Antioch was a Gnostic associated with Valentinianism.He was a contemporary of Heracleon and Ptolemy, and was mentioned as still living in Tertullian's work Adversus Valentinianos, so we know he lived around the late 2nd and early 3rd century CE.
It was known to Irenaeus of Lyons, who objected to its Gnostic content and declared it heresy. Irenaeus declares it one of the works of the disciples of "Valentinus", and the similarity of the work to others thought to be by Valentinus and his followers has made many scholars agree. [3]