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502 Bad Gateway The server is acting as a gateway or proxy, and received an invalid response from a downstream server while attempting to fulfill the request. [1]: §21.5.3 503 Service Unavailable The server is undergoing maintenance or is temporarily overloaded and so cannot process the request.
This class of status code indicates the client must take additional action to complete the request. Many of these status codes are used in URL redirection. [2]A user agent may carry out the additional action with no user interaction only if the method used in the second request is GET or HEAD.
The network host IP interface binds the gateway address to the MAC address of the physical gateway by broadcasting IP datagrams and caching the MAC address of the reply from the gateway in an ARP table stored on the host. The gateway address may be added manually. On Windows computers, the gateway address is configured using the TCP/IP Properties.
The Application Layer Gateway service in Microsoft Windows provides support for third-party plugins that allow network protocols to pass through the Windows Firewall and work behind it and Internet Connection Sharing. [citation needed] ALG plugins can open ports and change data that is embedded in packets, such as ports and IP addresses.
Network congestion is a cause of packet loss that can affect all types of networks. When content arrives for a sustained period at a given router or network segment at a rate greater than it is possible to send through, there is no other option than to drop packets.
When ECN is successfully negotiated, an ECN-aware router may set a mark in the IP header instead of dropping a packet in order to signal impending congestion. The receiver of the packet echoes the congestion indication to the sender, which reduces its transmission rate as if it detected a dropped packet.
Without IGD one has to manually configure the gateway to allow traffic through, a process which is error-prone and time-consuming. UPnP comes with a solution for network address translation traversal (NAT traversal) that implements IGD. IGD makes it easy to do the following: Add and remove port mappings; Assign lease times to mappings