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The flyweight pattern is useful when dealing with a large number of objects that share simple repeated elements which would use a large amount of memory if they were individually embedded. It is common to hold shared data in external data structures and pass it to the objects temporarily when they are used.
Model–view–viewmodel (MVVM) is an architectural pattern in computer software that facilitates the separation of the development of a graphical user interface (GUI; the view)—be it via a markup language or GUI code—from the development of the business logic or back-end logic (the model) such that the view is not dependent upon any ...
In object-oriented programming, the iterator pattern is a design pattern in which an iterator is used to traverse a container and access the container's elements. The iterator pattern decouples algorithms from containers; in some cases, algorithms are necessarily container-specific and thus cannot be decoupled.
The observer pattern addresses the following problems: [2] A one-to-many dependency between objects should be defined without making the objects tightly coupled. When one object changes state, an open-ended number of dependent objects should be updated automatically. An object can notify multiple other objects.
a There is no special construct, since the while function can be used for this. a There is no special construct, but users can define general loop functions. a The C++11 standard introduced the range-based for. In the STL, there is a std::for_each template function which can iterate on STL containers and call a unary function for each element. [22]
In computer science, function composition is an act or mechanism to combine simple functions to build more complicated ones. Like the usual composition of functions in mathematics, the result of each function is passed as the argument of the next, and the result of the last one is the result of the whole.
In other words, a real-valued function of n real variables is a function : such that its domain X is a subset of R n that contains a nonempty open set. An element of X being an n-tuple (x 1, x 2, …, x n) (usually delimited by parentheses), the general notation for denoting functions would be f((x 1, x 2, …, x n)).
function V(semaphore S, integer I): [S ← S + I] function P(semaphore S, integer I): repeat: [if S ≥ I: S ← S − I break] However, the rest of this section refers to semaphores with unary V and P operations, unless otherwise specified.