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Examples include e and π. Trigonometric number: Any number that is the sine or cosine of a rational multiple of π. Quadratic surd: A root of a quadratic equation with rational coefficients. Such a number is algebraic and can be expressed as the sum of a rational number and the square root of a rational number.
In constructive mathematics, an apartness relation is a constructive form of inequality, and is often taken to be more basic than equality. An apartness relation is often written as # {\displaystyle \#} (⧣ in unicode ) to distinguish from the negation of equality (the denial inequality ), which is weaker.
In mathematics, a structure on a set (or on some sets) refers to providing it (or them) with certain additional features (e.g. an operation, relation, metric, or topology). Τhe additional features are attached or related to the set (or to the sets), so as to provide it (or them) with some additional meaning or significance.
This is a list of axioms as that term is understood in mathematics. In epistemology, the word axiom is understood differently; see axiom and self-evidence. Individual axioms are almost always part of a larger axiomatic system.
For example: "An even number is an integer which is divisible by 2." An extensional definition instead lists all objects where the term applies. For example: "An even number is any one of the following integers: 0, 2, 4, 6, 8..., -2, -4, -8..." In logic, the extension of a predicate is the set of all things for which the predicate is true. [49]
This is a list of mathematics-based methods. Adams' method (differential equations) Akra–Bazzi method (asymptotic analysis) Bisection method (root finding) Brent's method (root finding) Condorcet method (voting systems) Coombs' method (voting systems) Copeland's method (voting systems) Crank–Nicolson method (numerical analysis) D'Hondt ...
A simple example is a volume (how big an object occupies a space) as a measure. In mathematics, the concept of a measure is a generalization and formalization of geometrical measures (length, area, volume) and other common notions, such as magnitude, mass, and probability of events. These seemingly distinct concepts have many similarities and ...
For example: "All humans are mortal, and Socrates is a human. ∴ Socrates is mortal." ∵ Abbreviation of "because" or "since". Placed between two assertions, it means that the first one is implied by the second one. For example: "11 is prime ∵ it has no positive integer factors other than itself and one." ∋ 1. Abbreviation of "such that".