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Women in Plymouth, England, parting from their lovers who are about to be transported to Botany Bay, 1792. Penal transportation (or simply transportation) was the relocation of convicted criminals, or other persons regarded as undesirable, to a distant place, often a colony, for a specified term; later, specifically established penal colonies became their destination.
Many colonists in British North America resented convict transportation. As early as 1683, Pennsylvania's colonial legislature attempted to bar felons from being introduced within its borders. [46] Benjamin Franklin called convict transportation "an insult and contempt, the cruellest, that ever one people offered to another."
The women convicts' clothing had become infested with lice and was burnt. As additional clothing for the female convicts had not arrived before the Fleet left England, [42] the women were issued with new clothes made from rice sacks. While the convicts remained below deck, the officers explored the city and were entertained by its inhabitants. [46]
This convict transportation began in 1718 following the passing of a Transportation Act by the British Parliament in 1717. The transportation continued until 1775, when the American Revolutionary War halted the practice. Also, Ekirch explores the various roles played by England, Ireland, Wales, and Scotland in this convict trade. [1] [3]
Over the 80 years of transportation, between 1788 and 1868, 608 convict ships transported more than 162,000 convicts to Australia. [ 4 ] Following serious outbreaks of disease with high mortality rates on board some early convict ship voyages, from 1801 voyages were subject to more strict regulation by the British government in terms of ...
Launched as a 10-gun sloop at Rotherhithe in 1789, the ship served as a convict hulk from 1818 until scrapped in February 1834. [1] Prison ship Success [ 2 ] at Hobart , Tasmania , Australia A prison ship , also known as a prison hulk , is a current or former seagoing vessel that has been modified to become a place of substantive detention for ...
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As at 22 September 2009, The Hive is significant in representing the period of convict transportation to Australia and the interaction between the survivors of shipwreck and Aborigines. The ship, its cargo, crew, military personnel and convicts were part of the later period of highly organised convict transportation.