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Permethrin is a medication and an insecticide. [6] [7] As a medication, it is used to treat scabies and lice. [8]It is applied to the skin as a cream or lotion. [6] As an insecticide, it can be sprayed onto outer clothing or mosquito nets to kill the insects that touch them.
Resistance of head lice to insecticides such as lindane, malathion, phenothrin and permethrin has been reported. [9] [10] [11] A 2021 systematic review and meta-analysis found that the mean frequency of pyrethroid resistance of lice was 77% globally, and even 100% in several countries (Australia, England, Israel, and Turkey). [12]
Pyrethroids are synthetic insecticides based on natural pyrethrum (), such as permethrin.. A common formulation of pyrethrin is in preparations containing the synthetic chemical piperonyl butoxide: this has the effect of enhancing the toxicity to insects and speeding the effects when compared with pyrethrins used alone.
Pyrethrin I (C n H 28 O 3) and pyrethrin II (C n H 28 O 5) are structurally related esters with a cyclopropane core. Pyrethrin I is a derivative of (+)- trans - chrysanthemic acid . [ 12 ] [ 13 ] Pyrethrin II is closely related, but one methyl group is oxidized to a carboxymethyl group, the resulting core being called pyrethric acid.
In 2016 insecticides were estimated to account for 18% of worldwide pesticide sales. [2] Worldwide sales of insecticides in 2018 were estimated as $ 18.4 billion, of which 25% were neonicotinoids, 17% were pyrethroids, 13% were diamides, and the rest were many other classes which sold for less than 10% each of the market.
They are more active than the natural pyrethrum but are unstable in sunlight. With the 91/414/EEC review, [ 30 ] many 1st-generation compounds have not been included on Annex 1, probably because the market is not big enough to warrant the costs of re-registration (rather than any special concerns about safety).
Pyrethrum was a genus of several Old World plants now classified in either Chrysanthemum or Tanacetum which are cultivated as ornamentals for their showy flower heads. Pyrethrum continues to be used as a common name for plants formerly included in the genus Pyrethrum .
Permethrin can be applied as a spray. The effects are not limited to mites: lice, cockroaches, fleas, mosquitos, and other insects will be affected. Ivermectin can be prescribed by a medical doctor to rid humans of mite and lice infestations, and agricultural formulations are available for infested birds and rodents.