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A Venn diagram representing the left join SQL statement between tables A and B. Left outer join ... Example of a left outer join (the OUTER keyword is optional), ...
A Venn diagram is a widely used diagram style that shows the logical relation between sets, popularized by John Venn (1834–1923) in the 1880s. The diagrams are used to teach elementary set theory, and to illustrate simple set relationships in probability, logic, statistics, linguistics and computer science.
To investigate the left distributivity of set subtraction over unions or intersections, consider how the sets involved in (both of) De Morgan's laws are all related: () = = () always holds (the equalities on the left and right are De Morgan's laws) but equality is not guaranteed in general (that is, the containment might be strict).
Venn diagram of information theoretic measures for three variables x, y, and z. Each circle represents an individual entropy : H ( x ) {\displaystyle H(x)} is the lower left circle, H ( y ) {\displaystyle H(y)} the lower right, and H ( z ) {\displaystyle H(z)} is the upper circle.
Venn diagram of information theoretic measures for three variables , , and , represented by the lower left, lower right, and upper circles, respectively.The ...
A misleading [1] Venn diagram showing additive, and subtractive relationships between various information measures associated with correlated variables X and Y. The area contained by both circles is the joint entropy H(X,Y). The circle on the left (red and violet) is the individual entropy H(X), with the red being the conditional entropy H(X|Y ...
Inclusion–exclusion illustrated by a Venn diagram for three sets. Generalizing the results of these examples gives the principle of inclusion–exclusion. To find the cardinality of the union of n sets: Include the cardinalities of the sets. Exclude the cardinalities of the pairwise intersections.
In set theory the Venn diagrams tell, that there is an element in one of the red intersections. (The existential quantifications for the red intersections are combined by or. They can be combined by the exclusive or as well.) Relations like subset and implication, arranged in the same kind of matrix as above. In set theory the Venn diagrams tell,